ReviewThe International journal on drug policy2022
A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential.
Review in The International journal on drug policy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to induce attempts to quit tobacco among adults not ready to quit.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Sustained effects of reduced nicotine cigarettes and co-use of non-combusted alternative nicotine delivery systems: A one-month follow-up to a randomized clinical trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Effects of very low nicotine content cigarettes and concurrent provision of e-cigarettes on symptoms of depression and anxiety.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- The Impact of Nicotine Reduction on Cigarette Reinforcement Value Within a Marketplace Containing Alternative Nicotine Delivery Products: A Secondary Analysis of a Multi-Site Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Trial
- Manipulation of Menthol and Nicotine Content in Cigarettes: Effects on Smoking Behavior and Toxicant Exposure in Women Menthol Smokers.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Trial
- Trial
- 'Light at the end of the tunnel': reactions to targeted and generally applicable reduced nicotine policy messages among priority populations of people who smoke.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Tobacco endgame goals and measures in Europe: current status and future directions.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Article
- Looking back and planning ahead: the tobacco endgame and controlling tobacco industry interference in Aotearoa New Zealand.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2025Article
- Recommendations to advance equity in tobacco control.Tobacco control · 2024Article
- Reduced nicotine in cigarettes in a marketplace with alternative nicotine systems: randomized clinical trial.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Doing more with less: A proposal to advance cigarette packaging regulations in the United States.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Perceptions of the Addictiveness of Low-Nicotine Cigarettes Versus Typical Cigarettes and Exposure to Tobacco Industry-Sponsored Corrective Campaign.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
- Tobacco endgame measures and their adaptation in selected European countries: A narrative review synthesis.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2024Review
- Nicotine and Cardiovascular Health: When Poison is Addictive - a WHF Policy Brief.Global heart · 2024Article
- Substitutability of nicotine and sucrose in rats: A behavioral economic analysis.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2023Article
- Knockout of a key gene of the nicotine biosynthetic pathway severely affects tobacco growth under field, but not greenhouse conditions.BMC research notes · 2022Article
- New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn May 2018, the Secretariat for the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control convened a meeting to discuss the potential for reducing the addictiveness of tobacco products. A central focus was to review research findings on the behavioral effects of reducing the addictiveness of cigarettes.
methodsThis manuscript reports the results of a review of the behavioral science literature, updated through April 2021, with special attention to both the potential benefits and unintended consequences of reducing nicotine in cigarettes.
resultsAvailable evidence suggests that reducing nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels could benefit public health in three primary ways, by 1) decreasing uptake of regular smoking, 2) decreasing the amount people smoke, and 3) increasing the likelihood of smoking cessation. Current evidence also suggests that reducing nicotine in cigarettes may produce similar benefits across many important subpopulations of people who smoke, including those with psychiatric comorbidities, those who use other substances, those with low socioeconomic status, young people, people who smoke infrequently and people who prefer menthol cigarettes. Cigarette nicotine reduction could also lead to some undesirable outcomes, such as experiencing withdrawal, product manipulation, an illicit market, and harm misperceptions; strategies that may mitigate each are discussed.
conclusionOverall, behavioral research suggests product standards that limit the nicotine content of combusted tobacco products could render cigarettes and similar products less addictive. The availability of legal, non-combusted products that effectively substitute for cigarettes and the dissemination of public health campaigns that clarify misperceptions about the relationship between nicotine, tobacco and disease may facilitate the extent to which a nicotine reduction policy reduces smoking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.