ReviewRespiratory research2021
The smell of lung disease: a review of the current status of electronic nose technology.
Review in Respiratory research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Volatile organic compounds in exhaled human breath for the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Inconsistencies in predictive models based on exhaled volatile organic compounds for distinguishing between benign pulmonary nodules and lung cancer: a systematic review.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Diagnostic performance of volatile organic compounds analysis and electronic noses for detecting colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- The Influence of Mechanical Bowel Preparation on Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Gastrointestinal Disease-A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Diagnostic Performance of Electronic Noses in Cancer Diagnoses Using Exhaled Breath: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Accuracy of the Electronic Nose Breath Tests in Clinical Application: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biosensors · 2021Pooled it
- Exhaled breath analysis with the use of an electronic nose to predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic melanoma: melaNose trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Article
- Adaptive E-Nose: Integrating New Gas Sensors for Emerging Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Electronic Nose-Based Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Pattern Recognition and Multivariate Signal Analysis for Discriminating Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis from Autoimmune Usual Interstitial Pneumonia.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The evolution of scientific knowledge in childhood asthma over time.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Exhaled Aldehydes and Ketones as Biomarkers of Lung Cancer and Diabetes: Review of Sensor Technologies for Early Disease Diagnosis.Biosensors · 2025Review
- Moving past multidisciplinary discussions and Gender-Age-Physiology model: precision medicine through biological phenotyping in interstitial lung disease.Current opinion in pulmonary medicine · 2025Review
- Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: Applications in cancer diagnosis and predicting treatment efficacy.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2025Review
- Development of an E-Nose System for the Early Diagnosis of Sepsis During Mechanical Ventilation: A Porcine Feasibility Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Non-Invasive Detection of Tumors by Volatile Organic Compounds in Urine.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Examination of unique volatile organic compound signatures in nasopharyngeal test swab viral transport media using an electronic nose.PloS one · 2025Article
- Progress and challenges of developing volatile metabolites from exhaled breath as a biomarker platform.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2024Review
- The Role of Biomarkers in Lung Cancer Screening.Cancers · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is a need for timely, accurate diagnosis, and personalised management in lung diseases. Exhaled breath reflects inflammatory and metabolic processes in the human body, especially in the lungs. The analysis of exhaled breath using electronic nose (eNose) technology has gained increasing attention in the past years. This technique has great potential to be used in clinical practice as a real-time non-invasive diagnostic tool, and for monitoring disease course and therapeutic effects. To date, multiple eNoses have been developed and evaluated in clinical studies across a wide spectrum of lung diseases, mainly for diagnostic purposes. Heterogeneity in study design, analysis techniques, and differences between eNose devices currently hamper generalization and comparison of study results. Moreover, many pilot studies have been performed, while validation and implementation studies are scarce. These studies are needed before implementation in clinical practice can be realised. This review summarises the technical aspects of available eNose devices and the available evidence for clinical application of eNose technology in different lung diseases. Furthermore, recommendations for future research to pave the way for clinical implementation of eNose technology are provided.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.