SynthesisImmunity, inflammation and disease2021
The effect of low serum calcium level on the severity and mortality of Covid patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of low serum calcium level on the severity and mortality of Covid patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2021Pooled it
- Clinicopathological factors potentially relevant to pulmonary intravascular fibrin organisation in patients with COVID-19: an autopsy-based study.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Article
- Mineral-Specific Anemia Risk Patterns among Elderly Chinese Adults: Findings from A Cross-Sectional Study.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- From Parts to Whole: A Systems Biology Approach to Decoding Milk Fever.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Low serum calcium promotes traumatic intracerebral hematoma expansion by the response of immune cell: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Relationship of serum calcium concentration with chronic kidney disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: evidence from the NHANES 1999-2018.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Minerals and Human Health: From Deficiency to Toxicity.Nutrients · 2025Review
- The Impact of Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst Rupture on COVID-19 Symptom Severity.Acta parasitologica · 2024Article
- Evaluation of various blood biomarkers associated with the outcomes of patients with COVID‑19 treated in intensive care units.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Evaluating Serum Calcium and Magnesium Levels as Predictive Biomarkers for Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Severity: A Romanian Prospective Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Total network controllability analysis discovers explainable drugs for Covid-19 treatment.Biology direct · 2023Article
- Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Abnormalities Associated with COVID-19 Infection, and Beyond.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Total network controllability analysis discovers explainable drugs for Covid-19 treatment.Research square · 2023Article
- Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2023Review
- Pathophysiological involvement of host mitochondria in SARS-CoV-2 infection that causes COVID-19: a comprehensive evidential insight.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Review
- Hypocalcemia on Admission Is a Predictor of Disease Progression in COVID-19 Patients with Cirrhosis: A Multicenter Study in Hungary.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Importance of Magnesium Status in COVID-19.Biology · 2023Review
- Effect Modification of Kidney Function on the Non-linear Association Between Serum Calcium Levels and Cardiovascular Mortality in Korean Adults.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionImbalances of various electrolytes, including calcium, are associated with the prognosis of Covid disease. This study investigated the relationship between serum calcium and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.
methodThis study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Scopus, web of sciences until August 2021 using the keywords COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID, coronavirus disease, SARS-COV-infection. 2, SARS-COV-2, COVID19, calcium, calcium isotopes, calcium radioisotopes, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were performed. Heterogeneity of studies was investigated using I
resultsFinally, 25 articles were included in the study. Clinical data from 12 articles showed that 59% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.68) of people with COVID-19 have hypocalcemia. The results of meta-analysis showed that hypocalcemia was significantly associated with severity of the disease (p = .002), mortality in patients with COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] = 6.99, 95% CI: 2.71-17.99), number of hospitalization days (p < .001) and admission to the intensive care unit (OR = 5.09, 95% CI: 2.14-12.10). The results also showed that there is a direct relationship between low serum calcium levels with increasing D-dimer levels (p = .02) and decreasing lymphocyte counts (p = .007).
conclusionBased on the results of meta-analysis in people with lower calcium, mortality and complications are higher, therefore, serum calcium is a prognostic factor in determining the severity of the disease. Consequently, it is suggested that serum calcium levels should be considered in initial assessments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.