ReviewReviews in medical virology2022
Crosstalk between estrogen, dendritic cells, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Semen parameters and sex hormones as affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review.Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie · 2022Pooled it
- Predictors of Severe Outcomes in COVID-19: Evidence from Real-World Multicenter Retrospective Study (2020-2024).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Recent advances in drug repositioning and rediscovery for different therapeutic activities utilizing updated technological approaches.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- Sex bias determines MERS-CoV infection outcomes in a mouse model of differential pathogenicity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The correlation between primary ovarian insufficiency, sex hormones and immune cells: a two-step Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Review
- COVID-19 and menstrual-related disturbances: a Spanish retrospective observational study in formerly menstruating women.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Role of Female Sex Hormones and Immune Response in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension Development: Evidence from Experimental Models.Current hypertension reports · 2023Review
- Review
- The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter?Immunology · 2022Review
- Crosstalk between estrogen, dendritic cells, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
- Biofunctional roles of estrogen in coronavirus disease 2019: Beyond a steroid hormone.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Sex hormones and immune system: Menopausal hormone therapy in the context of COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The intestinal microbiota and improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations.Journal of functional foods · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) first appeared in Wuhan and has so far killed more than four million people worldwide. Men are more affected than women by Covid-19, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind these differences are largely unknown. One plausible explanation is that differences in sex hormones could partially account for this distinct prevalence in both sexes. Accordingly, several papers have reported a protective role of 17β-estradiol during Covid-19, which might help explain why women appear less likely to die from Covid-19 than men. 17β-estradiol is the predominant and most biologically active endogenous estrogen, which signals through estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. These receptors are expressed in mature cells from the innate and the adaptive immune system, particularly on dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that estrogens could modulate their effector functions. DCs are the most specialized and proficient antigen-presenting cells, acting at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity with a powerful capacity to prime antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells. DCs are richly abundant in the lung where they respond to viral infection. A relative increase of mature DCs in broncho-alveolar lavage fluids from Covid-19 patients has already been reported. Here we will describe how SARS-CoV-2 acts on DCs, the role of estrogen on DC immunobiology, summarise the impact of sex hormones on the immune response against Covid-19, and explore clinical trials regarding Covid-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.