ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Ocular Complications Following Different Types of Covid-19 Vaccines.Journal of immunology research · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Sex differences in hepatitis A virus infection in mice.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Sex-Biased Immunity: The Hidden Variable in Immuno-oncology.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Deficiency in circulating T cells in four core genotypes mice with Sry translocation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Age- and Sex-Dependent Heterogeneity in Mumps Virus Immunity Among US Blood Donors Born Between 1928-1993.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Analysis of the pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized children with pneumonia from 2017 to 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Unraveling the layers of epigenetic control in respiratory antiviral defense.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Androgens protect ILC2S from functional suppression during influenza virus infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Biological sex influences immune response to influenza infection in juvenile outbred mice.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- How biological sex shapes differences in immune responses to infection.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Reactivation and Management of Endogenous Latent Herpesviruses in the Spaceflight Environment.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Sex-dependent interferon signaling contributes to female-biased vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Sex differences among inpatients with AECOPD in a tertiary hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-stratified genetic regulators of cytokine production in the Dutch and Tanzanian populations.HGG advances · 2026Article
- Detailed single-cell mapping of the transcriptional response to a virus infection driven by copy-back viral genomes.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Circulation of Human Coronaviruses in SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza-negative patients with respiratory infections during Ghana's 2021 COVID-19 pandemic.Ghana medical journal · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Native-like soluble E1E2 glycoprotein heterodimers on self-assembling protein nanoparticles for hepatitis C virus vaccine design.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Composition and dynamics of the adult nasal microbiome.Microbiome · 2026Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias in COVID-19 disease severity is hypothesized to be mediated by sex differential immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis is based on data from other viral infections, including influenza viruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and others that have demonstrated sex-specific immunity to viral infections. Although males are more susceptible to most viral infections, females possess immunological features that render them more vulnerable to distinct immune-related disease outcomes. Both sex chromosome complement and related genes as well as sex steroids play important roles in mediating the development of sex differences in immunity to viral infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.