ReviewClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2021
The Relationship Between Dry Eye Disease and Digital Screen Use.
Review in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06288945 (Effect of an Educational Program on Health-related Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Syndrome), which is not on this map. Cited by 76 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of an Educational Program on Health-related Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Syndrome
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence map for randomized controlled trials of treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion for dry eye disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Exercise and visual training interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review with a focus on near-far accommodation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Healthy Human Lacrimal Gland and Their Variations With Age and Sex, Systematic Review 1960-2023.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Pooled it
- Bridging the gap in managing dry eye disease: a consensus report by the Taiwan society of cataract and refractive surgeons.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Guideline
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Association between dry eye disease and depression: An umbrella review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Immediate Effects of Light Mode and Dark Mode Features on Visual Fatigue in Tablet Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Trial
- Evaluating the Performance of Verofilcon A Daily Disposable Contact Lenses in a Group of Heavy Digital Device Users.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Trial
- Switching from preserved to preservative-free artificial tears and short-term change in dry eye symptoms and signs: a prospective self-controlled clinic cohort.International ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Dynamic Tear Film Stability Assessed via an Open-View Double-Pass Imaging System.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Improvement in Visual-Tasking Daily Living Activities and Work Productivity in Patients with Dry Eye Disease: Integrated Analysis of COMET Studies.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Regional Tear Film Quality Changes Across Eye Gaze Directions Revealed by Spatial Mapping and Threshold Sensitivity Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Screen time, strained eyes: knowledge and attitudes toward rising screen hours and ocular health among adults aged 20-30 in sri lanka.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
- A foundational model encodes deep phenotyping data and enables diverse downstream applications.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Bridging Therapeutics and Nanotechnology in Dry Eye Disease: A Review of Risk Factors, Drug Delivery Barriers, and Recent and Future Endeavors for Disease Management.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Redefining Dry Eye Disease Management: Emerging Pharmacologic and Device-Based Therapies in the Era of Precision Care: A Narrative Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Effects of PVP/NVP Additives on the Surface Wettability and Hydration Kinetics of Low-Silicone TRISS-Based Hydrogel Contact Lenses.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dry eye disease is characterized by tear film instability that can result in ocular surface damage. Patients with dry eye disease may experience ocular pain/discomfort and visual disturbances that may negatively impact quality of life. Increased use of digital screens for work, communication, and entertainment, especially during times of pandemic, may contribute to dry eye. Extensive cross-sectional studies have shown that digital screen use duration is associated with an increased risk of severe symptoms and clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease in adults. Smartphone use duration has also been found to be greater in school-age children with dry eye disease than in those without dry eye disease. A commonly accepted hypothesis for the relationship between digital screen use and dry eye disease is that digital screen use changes blinking dynamics, leading to ocular dryness. This review describes evidence that digital screen use is associated with dry eye disease, that digital device use alters blinking dynamics, and that dry eye affects mental health and work productivity in digital screen users. Helpful prevention and management strategies for dry eye disease exist for those who use digital screens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.