ReviewBiomarker research2021
Blood biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury: a selective review of unresolved issues.
Review in Biomarker research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- The search for blood biomarkers that indicate risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in fetal growth restriction.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of early adjunctive pharmacotherapy on serum levels of brain injury biomarkers in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Assessing head injury risk and neuroprotective effect of ketone monoester supplementation in military airborne training.Physiological reports · 2026Trial
- Systemic and cerebro-cardiac biomarkers following traumatic brain injury: an interim analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial of early administration of beta blockers.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Determining Acute-Phase Biomarkers for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Through Exploratory Data Analysis: A Preliminary Report.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A devastating legacy of repetitive concussion.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Review
- Consensus statements for the diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury and clinical integration of blood-based biomarkers in the Asia-Pacific region: a modified Delphi study.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Development of a Novel Blood-Based Assay for Brain-Derived Tau and Its Validation in Traumatic Brain Injury.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Observational
- Plasma proteome is altered in a piglet model of fetal growth restriction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Observational
- Plasma Biomarkers, Brain Volume, and Cognitive Performance in Service Members and Veterans With mTBI: A LIMBIC-CENC Study.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Performance and accuracy of blood glucose and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as predictors of mortality in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026Article
- Serum biomarker trajectory clusters predict functional outcome and quality of life for traumatic brain injury.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Ultrasensitive non-enzymatic protein detection using proximity immunoassay with photonic resonator absorption microscopy.Npj biosensing · 2026Article
- Acute interleukin-10 predicts persistent post-concussion symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury: exploratory findings from the t-BIOMAP study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Blood-Based Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury: A New Era in Diagnosis and Prognosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Objective Markers for Diagnosing Concussions: Beyond Blood Biomarkers and the Role of Real-Time Diagnostic Tools.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Tiny sensors, big hope: ML-optimized nanodiagnostics for TBI in Sanfilippo syndrome.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe use of blood biomarkers after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been widely studied. We have identified eight unresolved issues related to the use of five commonly investigated blood biomarkers: neurofilament light chain, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1, tau, S100B, and glial acidic fibrillary protein. We conducted a focused literature review of unresolved issues in three areas: mode of entry into and exit from the blood, kinetics of blood biomarkers in the blood, and predictive capacity of the blood biomarkers after mTBI.
findingsAlthough a disruption of the blood brain barrier has been demonstrated in mild and severe traumatic brain injury, biomarkers can enter the blood through pathways that do not require a breach in this barrier. A definitive accounting for the pathways that biomarkers follow from the brain to the blood after mTBI has not been performed. Although preliminary investigations of blood biomarkers kinetics after TBI are available, our current knowledge is incomplete and definitive studies are needed. Optimal sampling times for biomarkers after mTBI have not been established. Kinetic models of blood biomarkers can be informative, but more precise estimates of kinetic parameters are needed. Confounding factors for blood biomarker levels have been identified, but corrections for these factors are not routinely made. Little evidence has emerged to date to suggest that blood biomarker levels correlate with clinical measures of mTBI severity. The significance of elevated biomarker levels thirty or more days following mTBI is uncertain. Blood biomarkers have shown a modest but not definitive ability to distinguish concussed from non-concussed subjects, to detect sub-concussive hits to the head, and to predict recovery from mTBI. Blood biomarkers have performed best at distinguishing CT scan positive from CT scan negative subjects after mTBI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.