ArticleBMC psychiatry2021
Depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19 in the general population and health-care workers: prevalence, relationship, and explicative model in Peru.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Depressive symptoms, violence, and discrimination among transgender women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica · 2025Article
- Depression and anxiety in health human resources during the first COVID-19 wave in northern Peru: a multicenter study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Barriers and limitations to the development of a telemental health service for workers in Peru- A user-centered approach.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Peruvian military: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the effects of pandemic-related fears on anxiety and depression: the mediating roles of traumatic stress and loneliness.BMC psychology · 2024Article
- The Prevalence of Depression among the Global Public in the Context of the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
- Factors Associated With Poor Sleep Quality Among Primary Healthcare Workers During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
- Estimated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms in Peru: an interrupted time series analysis in 2014-2021.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2023Article
- Depression and anxiety in peruvian military personnel during the pandemic context: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Postpartum post-traumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 period: exposure and fear as mediating factors.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2023Article
- One-year follow-up of depression, anxiety, and quality of life of Peruvian patients who survived COVID-19.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD among College Students in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Cross-Sectional Study.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Work-Related Traumatic Stress Response in Nurses Employed in COVID-19 Settings.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and stress among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Herat, Afghanistan.Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Article
- Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes in Hospital Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Food insecurity associated with self-reported mental health outcomes in Peruvian households during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Medical Students: A Multicenter Study from 13 Latin American Countries.Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study has two aims. First, determine the fit of the fear model to COVID-19, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in the general population and health-care workers. Second, determine which model best explains the relationship between depression and the triad of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in both groups.
methodA cross-sectional study was conducted using self-reported questionnaires for anxiety, fear of COVID-19, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Information was collected from adults living in Lima, the capital and the most populous city in Peru. The explanatory models were evaluated using a structural equation model.
resultsA total of 830 participants were included, including general population (n = 640) and health-care workers (n = 190). A high overall prevalence of depressive symptoms (16%), anxiety (11.7%), and post-traumatic stress (14.9%) were identified. A higher prevalence of depressive, anxious, or stress symptoms was identified in the general population (28.6%) compared to health-care workers (17.9%). The triad model of fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and stress presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices for both groups. A model was identified that manages to explain depressive symptoms in more than 70% of the general population and health-care workers, based on the variables of the triad (CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.06; SRMR = 0.06). In the general population post-traumatic stress mediated the relationship between anxiety and depression (β = 0.12; 95%CI = 0.06 to 0.18) which was significant, but the indirect effect of post-traumatic stress was not significant in health care workers (β = 0.03; 95%CI = - 0.11 to 0.19). LIMITATIONS: The prevalence estimates relied on self-reported information. Other variables of interest, such as intolerance to uncertainty or income level, could not be evaluated.
conclusionsOur study proposes and tests one model that explains more than 70% of depressive symptoms. This explanatory model can be used in health contexts and populations to determine how emotional factors can affect depressive symptoms.
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