Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34529489›Full record

ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021

The adaptive immune system is a major driver of selection for tumor suppressor gene inactivation.

Timothy D Martin, Rupesh S Patel, Danielle R Cook, Mei Yuk Choi, Ajinkya Patil, Anthony C Liang, Mamie Z Li, Kevin M Haigis, Stephen J Elledge

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
106citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

106 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. CD112 Lactylation Drives Dual Immune Evasion From CD8+ T Cells and NK Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  3. Changes in the transcriptome and synthetic lethal dependencies followingProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
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  11. Why in vivo models of disease remain indispensable.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026
    Article
  12. Genetic landscape of cancer: mechanisms, key genes, and therapeutic implications.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
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46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Timothy D Martin *Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4870-3624
Rupesh S Patel *Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5792-5969
Danielle R CookDepartment of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Mei Yuk ChoiDivision of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Ajinkya PatilDivision of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1080-1146
Anthony C LiangDivision of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8792-8260
Mamie Z LiDivision of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7188-1330
Kevin M HaigisDepartment of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Stephen J ElledgeDivision of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7923-6283

Funding

A multi-faceted approach to identifying K-Ras synthetic lethal relationshipsU01CA199252 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI ELLEDGE, STEPHEN J, HAIGIS, KEVIN · 2015 to 2019
$4.7M
Cancer Research UK 27144Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNCI NIH HHS U01 CA199252
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

During tumorigenesis, tumors must evolve to evade the immune system and do so by disrupting the genes involved in antigen processing and presentation or up-regulating inhibitory immune checkpoint genes. We performed in vivo CRISPR screens in syngeneic mouse tumor models to examine requirements for tumorigenesis both with and without adaptive immune selective pressure. In each tumor type tested, we found a marked enrichment for the loss of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in the presence of an adaptive immune system relative to immunocompromised mice. Nearly one-third of TSGs showed preferential enrichment, often in a cancer- and tissue-specific manner. These results suggest that clonal selection of recurrent mutations found in cancer is driven largely by the tumor’s requirement to avoid the adaptive immune system.

Indexed as

CarcinogenesisGene SilencingGenes, Tumor SuppressorImmune EvasionAnimalsCell Line, TumorChemokine CCL2CRISPR-Cas SystemsFemaleGTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13HumansMammary Neoplasms, ExperimentalMiceMice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLMice, SCIDCcl2 protein, mouseChemokine CCL2GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13

Identifiers

PMID34529489
PMCPMC13397623

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.