ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2022
Immune cell profiles in the tumor microenvironment of early-onset, intermediate-onset, and later-onset colorectal cancer.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitors or PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Research progress and perspectives on the application of tyramide signal amplification-based multiplex immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence: a bibliometrics analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- The histological and molecular characteristics of early-onset colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Exosome-Derived Non-Coding RNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer: Possible Functions, Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of PD-1 blockade plus long-course chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (NECTAR): a multi-center phase 2 study.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Trial
- Fasting-mimicking diet counteracts gut microbial dysbiosis in experimental lynch syndrome.Cancer & metabolism · 2026Article
- Macrophage Polarization as a Target for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Optimization: A Systematic Review.Cancers · 2026Review
- Early-Onset Digestive System Cancers: Risk Factors and Clinicopathological and Molecular Features Across Organ Sites.Cancer science · 2026Review
- Tumor vessel phenotype in colorectal cancer microenvironment according to age at diagnosis.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Characteristics and Prognosis of Early-Onset vs. Late-Onset Colon Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis Based on Histology.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- T-cell Subset Features and Distributions Evolve across the Colorectal Precancer-Cancer Spectrum.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion analyses by in situ single-cell immunofluorescence in relation to colorectal cancer patient age, tissue bacteria and mortality.BMJ oncology · 2026Article
- The early-onset cancer epidemics: evidence synthesis using the prospective cohort incident-tumor biobank method.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Review
- Somatic Mutation Profiles of Colorectal Cancer by Birth Cohort.JCO precision oncology · 2025Article
- Regulation and Function of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Colorectal Cancer (CRC): The Role of the SRIF System in Macrophage Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Decoding the genetic and environmental forces in propelling the surge of early-onset colorectal cancer.Chinese medical journal · 2025Review
- The Young: Early-Onset Colon Cancer.Clinics in colon and rectal surgery · 2025Review
- Early Onset Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Underpinnings Accelerating Occurrence.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Review
- Research progress of colorectal cancer in genomic and transcriptomic at multi-level.Frontiers in genetics · 2025Review
- The global epidemic of early-onset cancer: nature, nurture, or both?Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite heightened interest in early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed before age 50, little is known on immune cell profiles of early-onset CRC. It also remains to be studied whether CRCs diagnosed at or shortly after age 50 are similar to early-onset CRC. We therefore hypothesized that immune cell infiltrates in CRC tissue might show differential heterogeneity patterns between three age groups (< 50 "early onset," 50-54 "intermediate onset," ≥ 55 "later onset").
methodsWe examined 1,518 incident CRC cases with available tissue data, including 35 early-onset and 73 intermediate-onset cases. To identify immune cells in tumor intraepithelial and stromal areas, we developed three multiplexed immunofluorescence assays combined with digital image analyses and machine learning algorithms, with the following markers: (1) CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO (PTPRC), and FOXP3 for T cells; (2) CD68, CD86, IRF5, MAF, and MRC1 (CD206) for macrophages; and (3) ARG1, CD14, CD15, CD33, and HLA-DR for myeloid cells.
resultsAlthough no comparisons between age groups showed statistically significant differences at the stringent two-sided α level of 0.005, compared to later-onset CRC, early-onset CRC tended to show lower levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (P = 0.013), intratumoral periglandular reaction (P = 0.025), and peritumoral lymphocytic reaction (P = 0.044). Compared to later-onset CRC, intermediate-onset CRC tended to show lower densities of overall macrophages (P = 0.050), M1-like macrophages (P = 0.062), CD14
conclusionsThis hypothesis-generating study suggests possible differences in histopathologic lymphocytic reaction patterns, macrophages, and regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment by age at diagnosis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.