ReviewThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2022
Hypophysitis, the Growing Spectrum of a Rare Pituitary Disease.
Review in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Triple sellar collision lesion: a unique case of pituitary adenoma, Rathke cleft cyst, and xanthogranuloma-case report and systematic review of the literature.Brain tumor pathology · 2025Pooled it
- Hypophysitis in COVID-19: a systematic review.Pituitary · 2024Pooled it
- Idiopathic isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: a systematic review of a heterogeneous and underreported disease.Pituitary · 2024Pooled it
- Endocrine-related adverse conditions in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibition: an ESE clinical practice guideline.European journal of endocrinology · 2022Guideline
- Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency and Multisystem Endocrinopathy Following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.Annals of African medicine · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Induced Hypophysitis; A Tertiary Care Centre Experience; Highlighting Detection, Treatment Outcomes and Long Term Endocrinopathies and Recovery.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Article
- Reversible predominant thyrotropin axis dysfunction with meningitis in suspected lymphocytic hypophysitis.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- Pituitary Stalk Lesion Sampling by Transsphenoidal Posterior Lobe Biopsy: A Case Series.Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base · 2026Article
- Xanthomatous hypophysitis with optic chiasm edema: First documented clinical case.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- Immune-Mediated Hypophysitis: An Updated Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Nivolumab rechallenge after pituitary apoplexy associated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in a patient with pituitary adenoma and rectal melanoma: a case report and literature review.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2026Article
- Pitfalls in the management of undiagnosed secondary adrenal insufficiency: a case report and review of the literature.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Review
- Suspected central nervous system involvement in multiple myeloma on MRI.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- The Diagnostic Challenge of Hypophysitis vs. Non-Functioning Pituitary Macroadenomas: An Updated Review and Comparative Analysis of Distinguishing Criteria.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Endocrine disorders following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a comprehensive systematic review.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026Article
- Lymphocytic panhypophysitis with clival extension and positive anti-rabphilin-3A antibodies: illustrative case.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2025Article
- Article
- Hypophysitis Induced by Tislelizumab: A Case Report of Somnolence and Delirium with Elevated Eosinophils.The American journal of case reports · 2025Article
- A case of Epstein-Barr virus- associated lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hypophysitis is defined as inflammation of the pituitary gland that is primary or secondary to a local or systemic process. Differential diagnosis is broad (including primary tumors, metastases, and lympho-proliferative diseases) and multifaceted. Patients with hypophysitis typically present with headaches, some degree of anterior and/or posterior pituitary dysfunction, and enlargement of pituitary gland and/or stalk, as determined by imaging. Most hypophysitis causes are autoimmune, but other etiologies include inflammation secondary to sellar tumors or cysts, systemic diseases, and infection or drug-induced causes. Novel pathologies such as immunoglobulin G4-related hypophysitis, immunotherapy-induced hypophysitis, and paraneoplastic pituitary-directed autoimmunity are also included in a growing spectrum of this rare pituitary disease. Typical magnetic resonance imaging reveals stalk thickening and homogenous enlargement of the pituitary gland; however, imaging is not always specific. Diagnosis can be challenging, and ultimately, only a pituitary biopsy can confirm hypophysitis type and rule out other etiologies. A presumptive diagnosis can be made often without biopsy. Detailed history and clinical examination are essential, notably for signs of underlying etiology with systemic manifestations. Hormone replacement and, in selected cases, careful observation is advised with imaging follow-up. High-dose glucocorticoids are initiated mainly to help reduce mass effect. A response may be observed in all auto-immune etiologies, as well as in lymphoproliferative diseases, and, as such, should not be used for differential diagnosis. Surgery may be necessary in some cases to relieve mass effect and allow a definite diagnosis. Immunosuppressive therapy and radiation are sometimes also necessary in resistant cases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.