Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34526639›Full record

ArticleNPJ digital medicine2021

Non-invasive diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis from ultrasound imaging with machine learning.

Bernhard Kainz, Mattias P Heinrich, Antonios Makropoulos, Jonas Oppenheimer, Ramin Mandegaran, Shrinivasan Sankar, Christopher Deane, Sven Mischkewitz, Fouad Al-Noor, Andrew C Rawdin and 4 more

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
9.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05288413 withdrawnnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Benefit of Machine Learning to Diagnose Deep Vein Thrombosis Compared to Gold Standard Ultrasound

TypeobservationalSponsorImperial College LondonRan2022 to 2022Enrolled0ConditionsDeep Venous Thrombosis of Leg, Deep Vein ThrombosisArms3-compression Ultrasound scan with AutoDVT software integrated Ultrasound probe
NCT06652568 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Determining the Validity of ThinkSono Guidance for Ultrasound Image Acquisition and Remote Detection

TypeinterventionalSponsorThinkSono, Ltd.Ran2023 to 2025Enrolled634ConditionsDeep Vein Thrombosis, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Pulmonary EmbolusArmsThinkSono System
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.

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  12. Artificial intelligence in clinical thrombosis and hemostasis: A review.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

Bernhard KainzThinkSono Ltd, London, UK. bernhard@thinksono.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-5023
Mattias P HeinrichUniversity of Lübeck, Institute of Medical Informatics, Lübeck, Germany.
Antonios MakropoulosThinkSono Ltd, London, UK.
Jonas OppenheimerThinkSono GmbH, Potsdam, Germany.
Ramin MandegaranCentral Alberta Medical Imaging Services, Red Deer, AB, Canada.
Shrinivasan SankarThinkSono Ltd, London, UK.
Christopher DeaneOxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Headington, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9753-3799
Sven MischkewitzThinkSono GmbH, Potsdam, Germany.
Fouad Al-NoorThinkSono Ltd, London, UK.
Andrew C RawdinThe University of Sheffield, School of Health and Related Research, Sheffield, UK.
Andreas RuttloffClinic of Angiology - Interdisciplinary Center of Vascular Medicine, Potsdam, Germany.
Matthew D StevensonThe University of Sheffield, School of Health and Related Research, Sheffield, UK.
Peter Klein-WeigelClinic of Angiology - Interdisciplinary Center of Vascular Medicine, Potsdam, Germany.
Nicola CurryOxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Headington, UK.
Thrombosis Research Institute · GBUniversity of Sheffield · GBAlberta Health Services · CAFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · DEUniversity of Lübeck · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot most commonly found in the leg, which can lead to fatal pulmonary embolism (PE). Compression ultrasound of the legs is the diagnostic gold standard, leading to a definitive diagnosis. However, many patients with possible symptoms are not found to have a DVT, resulting in long referral waiting times for patients and a large clinical burden for specialists. Thus, diagnosis at the point of care by non-specialists is desired. We collect images in a pre-clinical study and investigate a deep learning approach for the automatic interpretation of compression ultrasound images. Our method provides guidance for free-hand ultrasound and aids non-specialists in detecting DVT. We train a deep learning algorithm on ultrasound videos from 255 volunteers and evaluate on a sample size of 53 prospectively enrolled patients from an NHS DVT diagnostic clinic and 30 prospectively enrolled patients from a German DVT clinic. Algorithmic DVT diagnosis performance results in a sensitivity within a 95% CI range of (0.82, 0.94), specificity of (0.70, 0.82), a positive predictive value of (0.65, 0.89), and a negative predictive value of (0.99, 1.00) when compared to the clinical gold standard. To assess the potential benefits of this technology in healthcare we evaluate the entire clinical DVT decision algorithm and provide cost analysis when integrating our approach into diagnostic pathways for DVT. Our approach is estimated to generate a positive net monetary benefit at costs up to £72 to £175 per software-supported examination, assuming a willingness to pay of £20,000/QALY.

Identifiers

PMID34526639
PMCPMC8443708
OpenAlexW3200084086

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.