ReviewCritical care (London, England)2021
Phenotypes and subphenotypes of delirium: a review of current categorisations and suggestions for progression.
Review in Critical care (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The use of peripheral nerve block decrease incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction following orthopedic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC anesthesiology · 2024Pooled it
- Assessment and report of individual symptoms in studies of delirium in postoperative populations: a systematic review.Age and ageing · 2024Pooled it
- Post-operative delirium in different age groups and subtypes: a systematic review of case reports.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Postoperative Delirium After Major Non-Cardiac Surgery in Elderly Patients.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Trial
- Effects of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine on the Night Before Surgery on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Knee/Hip Arthroplasty. A Parallel-Arm, Randomized Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Interprofessional and interdisciplinary management of nonwithdrawal delirium in a geriatric trauma center-A practical guide.Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie · 2026Review
- Critical care delirium: prevention, identification and management: a narrative review.Anaesthesia · 2026Review
- Predicting delirium in critically Ill COVID-19 patients using EEG-derived data: a machine learning approach.GeroScience · 2026Observational
- Preoperative frontal EEG power spectral features associated with psychomotor subtypes of postoperative delirium in cardiovascular surgery: a prospective study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clustering of disease trajectories with explainable machine learning: A case study on postoperative delirium phenotypes.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- NT-proBNP With Postoperative Complications and 2-Year Mortality Among Hip Fracture Patients: An Observational Cohort Study.Orthopaedic surgery · 2026Observational
- Effectiveness of Music Therapy for Delirium in Acute Hospital Settings: A Scoping Review.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Review
- Cerebral metabolic covariance in delirium: pattern response to symptomatic changes.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Comparison of Clinical Outcomes, Diagnosis Timing, or Treatment Differences Based on Motor Subtypes of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Study.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- From Acute Confusion to Chronic Decline: The Cognitive Impact of Delirium in Older Adults.Rhode Island medical journal (2013) · 2025Review
- Delirium risk profiles in a population-based study of United States older adults undergoing common noncardiac surgeries.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Trends in the Incidence of Hyperactive Delirium and Its Causes of Change After Surgery for Degenerative Lumbar Disease: A Population-Based Study of 7250 Surgical Patients Over 11 Years.Orthopaedic surgery · 2025Article
- Discovery of novel protective agents for infection-related delirium through bispectral electroencephalography.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Delirium Knowledge, Risk Factors, and Attitude Among the General Public in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- Antipsychotic Use for ICU Delirium and Associated Inflammatory Markers.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Delirium is a clinical syndrome occurring in heterogeneous patient populations. It affects 45-87% of critical care patients and is often associated with adverse outcomes including acquired dementia, institutionalisation, and death. Despite an exponential increase in delirium research in recent years, the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in the clinical presentation of delirium are still hypotheses. Efforts have been made to categorise the delirium spectrum into clinically meaningful subgroups (subphenotypes), using psychomotor subtypes such as hypoactive, hyperactive, and mixed, for example, and also inflammatory and non-inflammatory delirium. Delirium remains, however, a constellation of symptoms resulting from a variety of risk factors and precipitants with currently no successful targeted pharmacological treatment. Identifying specific clinical and biological subphenotypes will greatly improve understanding of the relationship between the clinical symptoms and the putative pathways and thus risk factors, precipitants, natural history, and biological mechanism. This will facilitate risk factor mitigation, identification of potential methods for interventional studies, and informed patient and family counselling. Here, we review evidence to date and propose a framework to identify subphenotypes. Endotype identification may be done by clustering symptoms with their biological mechanism, which will facilitate research of targeted treatments. In order to achieve identification of delirium subphenotypes, the following steps must be taken: (1) robust records of symptoms must be kept at a clinical level. (2) Global collaboration must facilitate large, heterogeneous research cohorts. (3) Patients must be clustered for identification, validation, and mapping of subphenotype stability.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.