Trial reportJournal of neuroinflammation2021
Plasma inflammatory cytokines and treatment-resistant depression with comorbid pain: improvement by ketamine.
Trial report in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Activation of the interleukin-23/Th17 axis in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- The effects of ketamine and classic hallucinogens on neurotrophic and inflammatory markers in unipolar treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review of clinical trials.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine on Inflammation-Mediated Cytokine Dysregulation in Adults with Treatment-Resistant Depression: Rapid Systematic Review.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Pooled it
- Neuroimmune Dysregulation and the Role of IL-10 in Depression: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Ketamine or Esketamine in Special Populations of Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Review
- Nonlinear threshold and association of depressive symptoms with pain in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a cross-sectional and cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Differentiating Between Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Managing Chronic Pain: The Ketamine Option.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Re-Examination of Inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder: Bridging Systemic and Neuroinflammatory Insights.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Ketamine's Role in Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection Across Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Unveiling the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antidepressants: A Systematic Review of Human Studies over the Last Decade.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- S-ketamine Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression Via Targeting SIRT2.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation-A Crucial Factor in the Pathophysiology of Depression-A Comprehensive Review.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Article
- Intranasal Administration of the Combination of Dextro-Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine for Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain in Rats.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Body mass index is associated with the antidepressant effects of intravenous ketamine in patients with depression.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Why PNI scientists need to engage in exploratory hypothesis-generating biomarker studies.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Genetic ablation of the isoform γ of PI3K decreases antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in male mice.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2024Article
- Neuroinflammatory Approach to Surgical Trauma: Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Immune and Neuroendocrine Responses.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- The complex role of the chemokine CX3CL1/Fractalkine in major depressive disorder: A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTreatment-resistant depression (TRD) and pain frequently coexist clinically. Ketamine has analgesic and antidepressant effects, but few studies have evaluated individual differences in antidepressant outcomes to repeated ketamine in TRD patients with comorbid pain. Our aims were to determine the difference in ketamine's antidepressant effects in TRD patients with or without pain and then to examine whether inflammatory cytokines might contribute to ketamine's effect.
methodsSixty-six patients with TRD received six infusions of ketamine. Plasma levels of 19 inflammatory cytokines were assessed at baseline and post-infusion (day 13 and day 26) using the Luminex assay. Plasma inflammatory cytokines of sixty healthy controls (HCs) were also examined.
resultsTRD patients with pain had a higher antidepressant response rate (χ
conclusionThis study suggested that an elevated inflammatory response plays a critical role in individual differences in TRD patients with or without pain. Ketamine showed great antidepressant and analgesic effects in TRD patients with pain, which may be related to its effects on modulating inflammation.
trial registrationChiCTR , ChiCTR-OOC-17012239. Registered on 26 May 2017.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.