Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2021
Safety and Efficacy of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Malawian Children.
2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · hybridAbstract readClinical Trial, Phase IIIRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 84 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
84citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
7.1field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial of the Clinical Efficacy of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (Vi-TCV) Among Children Age 9 Months Through 12 Years in Blantyre, Malawi
NCT05475379 phase1 / phase2completednot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation
A Randomized Control, Double Blinded, Non-inferiority Trial to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Typhoid Vi Conjugate Vaccine 'Typhocon' in Bangladeshi Healthy Population
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of typhoid conjugate vaccines in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infection · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of interventions to improve vaccine efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Typhoid conjugate vaccines for preventing typhoid fever (enteric fever).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- The validity of test-negative design for assessment of typhoid conjugate vaccine protection: comparison of estimates by different study designs using data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Trial
- Single and two-dose typhoid conjugate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected Malawian children.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children.Lancet (London, England) · 2024Trial
- Durable Anti-Vi IgG and IgA Antibody Responses in 15-Month-Old Children Vaccinated With Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Burkina Faso.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2023Trial
- Effect of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on experimental carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Blantyre, Malawi: a randomised controlled trial and controlled human infection study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Molecular correlates of vaccine-induced protection against typhoid fever.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Trial
- Programmatic Effectiveness of a Pediatric Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Campaign in Navi Mumbai, India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- Typhoid conjugate vaccine effectiveness in Malawi: evaluation of a test-negative design using randomised, controlled clinical trial data.The Lancet. Global health · 2023Trial
- Safety, immunogenicity and non-interference of concomitant Typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV®) and measles or measles-mumps-rubella vaccines in 8-9 months-old Indian children.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Prevention of Typhoid by Vi Conjugate Vaccine and Achievable Improvements in Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Evidence From a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months to 12 years in Malawi: a nested substudy of a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Trial
- Parenteral vaccination protects against mucosal Salmonella infection by inducing liver tissue resident memory CD4 T cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Genomic analysis ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- The association between vaccine coverage and herd protection: exploratory analyses of a cluster-randomised trial of Vi conjugate vaccine.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Multivalent vaccines for invasiveInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Phase II multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial of a Bivalent VaccInation againstBMJ open · 2026Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors at 1 institution in 5 countries.
Priyanka D PatelFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Pratiksha PatelFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Yuanyuan LiangFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
James E MeiringFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Theresa MisiriFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Felistas MwakiseghileFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
J Kathleen TracyFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Clemens MasesaFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Harrison MsukuFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
David BandaFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Maurice MbeweFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Marc HenrionFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-1242-839X
Fiyinfolu AdetunjiFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Kenneth SimiyuFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Elizabeth RotrosenFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Megan BirkholdFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Nginache NampotaFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Osward M NyirendaFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Karen KotloffFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Markus GmeinerFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Queen DubeFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Gift KawalaziraFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Matthew B LaurensFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-3874-581X
Robert S HeydermanFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
Melita A GordonFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-0629-0884
Kathleen M NeuzilFrom the Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Program (P.D.P., P.P., J.E.M., T.M., F.M., C.M., H.M., D.B., M.M., M.H., M.G., M.A.G.), the Blantyre Malaria Project (N.N., O.M.N.), the Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Q.D.), the District Health Office, Blantyre District Council (G.K.), and Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (M.A.G.) - all in Blantyre, Malawi; the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.L., J.K.T., F.A., K.S., E.R., M.B., K.K., M.B.L., K.M.N.); and Oxford Vaccine Group, the Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford (J.E.M.), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (C.M., M.H., M.G.), and the Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (M.A.G.), and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (R.S.H.) - all in the United Kingdom.
TyVAC Malawi Team
University of Maryland, Baltimore · US
Funding
Research Training in Gastroenterology and HepatologyT32DK067872 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE · PI RAUFMAN, JEAN-PIERRE · 2005 to 2024
$7.2MBill and Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1151153NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK067872Wellcome Trust
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid fever caused by multidrug-resistant H58
methodsWe conducted a phase 3, double-blind trial in Blantyre, Malawi, to assess the efficacy of Vi polysaccharide typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV). We randomly assigned children who were between 9 months and 12 years of age, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive a single dose of Vi-TCV or meningococcal capsular group A conjugate (MenA) vaccine. The primary outcome was typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture. We report vaccine efficacy and safety outcomes after 18 to 24 months of follow-up.
resultsThe intention-to-treat analysis included 28,130 children, of whom 14,069 were assigned to receive Vi-TCV and 14,061 were assigned to receive the MenA vaccine. Blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever occurred in 12 children in the Vi-TCV group (46.9 cases per 100,000 person-years) and in 62 children in the MenA group (243.2 cases per 100,000 person-years). Overall, the efficacy of Vi-TCV was 80.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.2 to 89.6) in the intention-to-treat analysis and 83.7% (95% CI, 68.1 to 91.6) in the per-protocol analysis. In total, 130 serious adverse events occurred in the first 6 months after vaccination (52 in the Vi-TCV group and 78 in the MenA group), including 6 deaths (all in the MenA group). No serious adverse events were considered by the investigators to be related to vaccination.
conclusionsAmong Malawian children 9 months to 12 years of age, administration of Vi-TCV resulted in a lower incidence of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever than the MenA vaccine. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03299426.).
Indexed as
Polysaccharides, BacterialTyphoid-Paratyphoid VaccinesChildChild, PreschoolDouble-Blind MethodFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceInfantIntention to Treat AnalysisMalawiMaleMeningococcal VaccinesSalmonella typhiTyphoid FeverMeningococcal VaccinesPolysaccharides, BacterialTyphoid-Paratyphoid VaccinesVaccines, ConjugateVi polysaccharide vaccine, typhoid
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT03299426ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05475379ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.