ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2021
Cigarette Smoking and Opium Use in Relation to the Oral Microbiota in Iran.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal dynamics and site-specific recovery of the human respiratory microbiome following smoking cessation.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Skin Microbiome alterations in heroin users revealed by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Gut and Oral Microbiomes in Psychoactive Substance Use: A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- Investigating the Relationship Between Opium Addiction and Taste Disorder in Addicts Referred to Exir Salamat Addiction Center.Addiction & health · 2025Article
- Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Oral Health Indices in Patients With Opioid Use Disorder Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment.International journal of dentistry · 2025Article
- Article
- Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review.Frontiers in oral health · 2024Review
- Association of cigarette smoking with oral bacterial microbiota and cardiometabolic health in Chinese adults.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Impact of waterpipe smoking on the salivary microbiome.Frontiers in oral health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarettes and opium contain chemicals and particulate matter that may modify the oral microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the association between cigarette and opium use with the oral microbiota. A total of 558 participants were recruited from Iran between 2011 and 2015. Individuals were categorized as never cigarette nor opium users, ever cigarette-only smokers, ever opium-only users, and ever both cigarette and opium users. Participants provided saliva samples for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Logistic regression, microbiome regression-based kernel association test (MiRKAT), and zero-inflated beta regression models were calculated. For every increase in 10 observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), the odds for being a cigarette-only smoker, opium-only user, and both user compared to never users decreased by 9% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.86 to 0.97), 13% (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.75 to 1.01), and 12% (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.96), respectively. The microbial communities differed by cigarette and opium use as indicated by MiRKAT models testing the three beta-diversity matrices (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.