ArticleBrain and behavior2021
The costs of bipolar disorder in the United Kingdom.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- A randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole in addition to mood stabilisers for patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression (the PAX-BD study).Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2025Trial
- Discovery of urinary metabolite biomarkers of psychiatric disorders using two-sample Mendelian randomization.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Outreach and Support in South London for Bipolar At-Risk States: pilot implementation of a specialist preventive service for adolescents and young adults at risk of developing bipolar disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids and psychotic disorders: integrating mechanistic, genetic, and clinical evidence.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Electroconvulsive therapy and autobiographical memory.Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2026Article
- Bipolar disorder.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Review
- A study protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial of behavioural therapy for interepisode bipolar symptoms (STABILISE).Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- The feasibility and acceptability of mood on track: an online psychological intervention for bipolar disorder.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2025Article
- Bipolar disorders: an update on critical aspects.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Review
- A Bayesian analysis of heart rate variability changes over acute episodes of bipolar disorder.Npj mental health research · 2024Article
- Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation in bipolar depression: an open-label treatment study of clinical outcomes, acceptability and adverse events.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2024Article
- The economic burden of bipolar disorder: a case study in Southern Iran.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2024Article
- A novel set of Austrian reference unit costs for comprehensive societal perspectives consistent with latest European costing methods for economic evaluations.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2024Article
- Costs of psychotropics for outpatients with bipolar disorder in Japan; the MUSUBI 2016 survey.Annals of medicine · 2023Article
- Prediction of patient admission and readmission in adults from a Colombian cohort with bipolar disorder using artificial intelligence.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Caring for a Family Member with Psychosis or Bipolar Disorder Who Has Experienced Suicidal Behaviour: An Exploratory Qualitative Study of an Online Peer-Support Forum.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Meta-Analysis of Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Group Psychoeducation for Treating Symptoms and Preventing Relapse in People Living with Bipolar Disorder.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The costs of bipolar disorder in the United Kingdom.Brain and behavior · 2021Article
- Editorial: Early Intervention in Mood Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo estimate the individual cost and population-level economic burden of Bipolar Disorder (BD), and explore the impact of clinical and sociodemographic factors on costs in the United Kingdom.
methodsAnnual UK health care, social care and societal cost data were collected from a prospective cohort of 91 BD patients using digital monitoring of symptoms. Costs (in £) were calculated for the year of resource use collection (2010-2011) and main results inflated to year 2018-2019. A Generalized Estimating Equation framework was used to investigate individual factors influencing costs. An economic burden estimate was derived by multiplying the mean annual cost per patient with literature-based population prevalence.
resultsThe average annual cost of BD per patient was £12,617 (SE = ±£1085) or £14,938 (SE = ±£1281) at 2018-2019 prices with 68% of the total costs attributed to lost productivity and informal care, 31% to health care costs, 1% to private out-of-pocket expenses, and 0.5% to social care costs. A unit increase in average levels of depressive or manic symptoms were associated with 7% and 11% higher societal costs, respectively. The estimated annual prevalence of BD in the United Kingdom was 0.8% resulting in a population-level economic burden estimate of £5.1 billion for 2010-2011 or £6.43 billion for 2018-2019.
conclusionsBD is a disease of substantial costs in the United Kingdom with the majority of the economic burden falling outside the health care system in the form of productivity losses and informal care. These costs highly correlate with patient outcomes highlighting further needs for improved treatment efforts into functionality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.