SynthesisActa psychiatrica Scandinavica2022
Time course of symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder with delayed expression: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Decision-Analytic Modelling Approaches in Economic Evaluations of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Treatments.PharmacoEconomics · 2026Pooled it
- Recurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review of definitions, prevalence and predictors.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Time course of symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder with delayed expression: A systematic review.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Detransition, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Moral Injury.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Trajectories and Determinants of Posttraumatic Stress in Disaster Survivors: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Study.The journal of nursing research : JNR · 2026Article
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Atherosclerosis: Co-Phenomena, or Cause-and-Effect?Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Post-traumatic stress disorder following intensive care for COVID-19: a single-center retrospective follow-up study.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- Optogenetic stimulation of the infralimbic cortex prior to fear extinction learning rescues deficits in a preclinical model of comorbid PTSD and AUD.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder in COVID-19 survivors: a prospective longitudinal cohort study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Changing mental health from disaster to disaster: analysis of emergency psychiatric visits during pandemic and earthquake periods.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Association between workload and support utilisation - a longitudinal study on emergency medical service personnel.BMC emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Identify Delayed Trajectory from Resilience Trajectory in Trauma Exposed Youths: the Role of Different PTSD Dimensions.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal shifts in avoidance-based phenotypes in a predator odor conditioned place aversion model of posttraumatic stress disorder.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- An umbrella review of psychological capacity and mental health trajectories across the life course.Nature. Mental health · 2026Article
- Ambulance traffic accidents and their impact on prehospital personnel: a mixed-methods study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Psychometric evaluation of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 in daily surveys: An item response theory and longitudinal measurement invariance analysis.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2025Article
- Trauma, Stress, and Mental Health Outcomes.Journal of psychiatry and psychiatric disorders · 2025Article
- The association of multi-system conditions on mental health trajectories during naval deployment.Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- Beyond reconsolidation: The need for a broad theoretical approach in clinical translations of research on retrieval-induced plasticity.Behavioral neuroscience · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the hypothesis that PTSD with delayed expression in some cases occurs without subthreshold PTSD symptoms above background levels bridging the gap between the traumatic exposure(s) and the clinical diagnosis.
methodsWe performed systematic searches of peer-reviewed papers in English referenced in Pubmed, Embase, or PsycINFO and ascertained 34 prospective studies of PTSD symptom trajectories identified by latent class growth statistical modeling. Studies with delayed and low-stable trajectories provided appropriate data for this study. We computed the difference between the delayed trajectory PTSD symptom sumscore and the low-stable PTSD sumscore at the observed points in time after the traumatic event(s).
resultsIn 29 study populations, the latent class growth analyses displayed delayed trajectories, and in these, we identified 110 data points (% PTSD sumscore difference/months since traumatic exposure). The median PTSD symptom sumscore was 25% higher during the initial 6 months among individuals in the delayed trajectory compared to those in low-stable trajectory. From this level, the difference widened and reached a plateau of 40-50% higher. The variation was large, and the baseline participation rate and loss to follow-up were exceeding 25% in the majority of the studies. Heterogeneity of populations, measures, and analyses precluded formal meta-analysis.
conclusionDelayed PTSD is preceded by PTSD symptoms during the first year in most cases. Still, few individuals may experience an asymptomatic delay. The results underpin the rationale for monitoring PTSD symptoms and may inform forensic assessments in that delayed PTSD without symptoms bridging the traumatic event is rare.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.