ArticleNature medicine2021
Cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy.
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Article in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 360 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
360citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
31.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
360 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 536 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in children and adult patients with rheumatic diseases: a comprehensive literature review.Rheumatology international · 2024Pooled it
- ECTRIMS/EAN consensus on vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis: Improving immunization strategies in the era of highly active immunotherapeutic drugs.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic and thematic analysis of the top 100 cited articles on mRNA vaccine indexed in Scopus database.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Optimizing the Use of Anti-CD20 Agents in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted and Nonadjuvanted RSV Vaccines in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- Preserved SARS-CoV-2 T-cell responses despite impaired humoral immunity in children with profound B-cell lymphopenia.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Impact of Anti-CD20 Therapies on Cytokine, Chemokine and Adhesion Molecule Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- A practical guide for rapid disease modifying therapy initiation and maintenance in aquaporin-4 positive neuromyelitis optica.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2026Article
- B cells are Essential for Memory T cell Development in Germinal Centers.Journal of cellular immunology · 2026Article
- CD56Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Multiple sclerosis patients under treatment with interferon β1-a or ocrelizumab exhibit different T and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Impact of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Disease: A Narrative Review.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026Review
- Humoral and cell mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with immune-mediated diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Immunological Monitoring During Anti-CD20 Therapies to Predict Infection Risk and Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prospective SARS-CoV-2 additional vaccination in immunosuppressant-treated individuals with autoimmune diseases in a randomized controlled trial.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Orf virus-based vectors induce potent germinal center B cell, Tfh cell, and CD8Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Persistent Classical and Atypical Memory B Cells Underlie Heterogeneous Vaccine Responses in Ocrelizumab-Treated Multiple Sclerosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Delayed Cellular Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Antibody-Non-Responders to COVID-19 Vaccination: Rethinking Post-Vaccine Immune Assessment.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Review
300 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Sokratis A Apostolidis *Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-0097
Mihir Kakara *Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Mark M Painter *Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0180-2748
Rishi R Goel *Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Divij MathewInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-7358
Kerry LenziDepartment of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Ayman RezkCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Kristina R PattersonCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Diego A EspinozaCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-6508
Jessy C KadriCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Daniel M MarkowitzCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Clyde E MarkowitzCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Ina MexhitajCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Dina JacobsCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Allison BabbCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Michael R BettsInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-1484
Eline T Luning PrakInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9478-9211
Daniela WeiskopfCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Alba GrifoniCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Kendall A LundgreenDepartment of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-7152
Sigrid GoumaInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Alessandro SetteCenter for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Paul BatesDepartment of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Scott E HensleyInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-7506
Allison R GreenplateInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
E John WherryInstitute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. wherry@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0477-1956
Rui LiCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. lirui158@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-8358
Amit Bar-OrCenter for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. amitbar@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-0335
University of Pennsylvania · USTranslational Therapeutics (United States) · USLa Jolla Institute for Immunology · USParker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy · US
Funding
Virology CoreU19AI082630 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI E. John Wherry · 2009 to 2026
$48.1MHuman Pancreas Analysis Program for Type 1 Diabetes - HPAP-T1DU01DK112217 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MARK A. ATKINSON, KLAUS H KAESTNER · 2021 to 2026
$46.8MSynergies among inhibitory receptors in tolerance, cancer & antiviral immunityP01AI108545 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI E. John Wherry · 2015 to 2026
$30.8MPenn integrated Human Pancreas procurement and Analysis ProgramUC4DK112217 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BETTS, MICHAEL R, FELDMAN, MICHAEL D · 2016 to 2020
$17.8MIMMUNOBIOLOGY OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC LYMPHOCYTEST32CA009140 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Malay Haldar, WARREN S PEAR · 1985 to 2026
$16.1MModeling HIV CAR-T cell trafficking and persistence in Non-Human PrimatesU19AI149680 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI RILEY, JAMES L. · 2020 to 2024
$13.2MViral control mechanisms of HIV-specific T cells in HIV-infected lymph nodeR01AI118694 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BETTS, MICHAEL R · 2015 to 2019
$3.3MDevelopment of vaccines targeting a tick-borne phlebovirusR01AI152236 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BATES, PAUL · 2020 to 2024
$3.0MTemporal control of differentiation and epigenetics of Exhausted CD8 T cells by ToxR01AI155577 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI WHERRY, E. JOHN · 2020 to 2024
$2.7MTraining Program/Rheumatic DiseasesT32AR076951 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI EDWARD M BEHRENS, Peter A Merkel · 2020 to 2026
$2.6MCellular and transcriptional control of exhausted CD8 T cells lineage dynamicsR01AI105343 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI WHERRY, E. JOHN · 2014 to 2017
$1.6MUniversity of Pennsylvania Clinical Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceUM1AI144288 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BAR-OR, AMIT, PAYNE, AIMEE S · 2019 to 2023
$551kNational Multiple Sclerosis Society (National MS Society) SI-2011-37160NCI NIH HHS T32 CA009140NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI108545NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI105343NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI118694NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI152236NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI155577NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI142638NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI082630NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI149680NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144288NIAMS NIH HHS T32 AR076951NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK112217NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK112217U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) T32 AR076951-01U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) 75N9301900065U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) AI082630U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) AI105343U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) AI108545U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) AI149680U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) AI152236U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) AI155577U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) P30-AI0450080U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (OER) U19AI082630
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccination in healthy individuals generates immune protection against COVID-19. However, little is known about SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced responses in immunosuppressed patients. We investigated induction of antigen-specific antibody, B cell and T cell responses longitudinally in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on anti-CD20 antibody monotherapy (n = 20) compared with healthy controls (n = 10) after BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccination. Treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (aCD20) significantly reduced spike-specific and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibody and memory B cell responses in most patients, an effect ameliorated with longer duration from last aCD20 treatment and extent of B cell reconstitution. By contrast, all patients with MS treated with aCD20 generated antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses after vaccination. Treatment with aCD20 skewed responses, compromising circulating follicular helper T (T
Indexed as
AnimalsAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, ViralAntigens, CD20Case-Control StudiesChlorocebus aethiopsCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesHEK293 CellsHumansImmunity, CellularImmunity, HumoralImmunotherapyLongitudinal StudiesMultiple SclerosisRituximabAntibodies, MonoclonalAntibodies, ViralAntigens, CD20COVID-19 VaccinesRituximabRNA, MessengerRNA, Viral
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