Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34521862›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Supervision of a self-driving vehicle unmasks latent sleepiness relative to manually controlled driving.

Erin E Flynn-Evans, Lily R Wong, Yukiyo Kuriyagawa, Nikhil Gowda, Patrick F Cravalho, Sean Pradhan, Nathan H Feick, Nicholas G Bathurst, Zachary L Glaros, Theerawit Wilaiprasitporn and 3 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
1.6field-weighted citation impact, top 16% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Chronic sleep restriction induces oculomotor impairment with inadequate compensation.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.

Erin E Flynn-Evans *Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA. erin.e.flynn-evans@nasa.gov.
Lily R Wong *Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Yukiyo KuriyagawaCollege of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.
Nikhil GowdaFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Patrick F CravalhoFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Sean PradhanFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Nathan H FeickFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Nicholas G BathurstFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Zachary L GlarosFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Theerawit WilaiprasitpornSchool of Information Science and Technology, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, Thailand.
Kanika BansalArmy Research Laboratory, U.S. CCDC, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
Javier O GarciaArmy Research Laboratory, U.S. CCDC, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
Cassie J HilditchFatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
San Jose State University · USAmes Research Center · USColumbia University · USDEVCOM Army Research Laboratory · USMenlo College · USNihon University · JPVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology · TH

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Human error has been implicated as a causal factor in a large proportion of road accidents. Automated driving systems purport to mitigate this risk, but self-driving systems that allow a driver to entirely disengage from the driving task also require the driver to monitor the environment and take control when necessary. Given that sleep loss impairs monitoring performance and there is a high prevalence of sleep deficiency in modern society, we hypothesized that supervising a self-driving vehicle would unmask latent sleepiness compared to manually controlled driving among individuals following their typical sleep schedules. We found that participants felt sleepier, had more involuntary transitions to sleep, had slower reaction times and more attentional failures, and showed substantial modifications in brain synchronization during and following an autonomous drive compared to a manually controlled drive. Our findings suggest that the introduction of partial self-driving capabilities in vehicles has the potential to paradoxically increase accident risk.

Identifiers

PMID34521862
PMCPMC8440771
OpenAlexW3199663072

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.