ArticleNature communications2021
New-onset IgG autoantibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
Open access · goldAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 318 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
318citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
80.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
318 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 458 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immunopathological spectrum of COVID-19: from cytokine storm to autoimmunity-a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Anti-MDA5+ dermatomyositis following SARS-COV-2 infections: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2-induced IgG repertoires shape T cell responses, microRNA regulation, and autoreactivity according to disease severity.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- High prevalence of autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs in Japanese patients with hepatitis C.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons in COVID-19 patients from southern Brazil.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- A distinct effector B cell population drives autoantibody production in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Immunity · 2026Article
- Associations of viral infections and antiviral vaccinations with anti-NMDAR and other forms of autoimmune encephalitis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Pre-vaccine sentinel antibodies predict blunted vaccine responses.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- Charge-driven antiviral responses enhance autoreactivity in severe COVID-19.Research square · 2026Article
- Microbial and immune determinants of disease severity and death in pediatric pneumonia.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Xenosialylation as immunological chimerism: a host-centered unifying model for viral and post-vaccination immune complications.European cytokine network · 2026Review
- Antibody repertoire associated with clinically diverse presentations of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immunological Mechanisms and Machine Learning Applications in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Humoral contributions to checkpoint blockade therapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Advances in Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Related Lung Disease.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Proteome-wide autoantibody screening and holistic autoantigenomic analysis unveil COVID-19 signature of autoantibody landscape.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Evidence for Autoimmunity in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs in patients with fulminant herpes simplex virus hepatitis.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- NET Biomarkers in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: a Comprehensive Analysis.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
258 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
49 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Sarah Esther Chang *Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Allan Feng *Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Wenzhao Meng *Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Sokratis A Apostolidis *Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0224-0097
Elisabeth MackDepartment of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4061-494X
Maja ArtandiDepartment of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Linda BarmanDepartment of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2619-761X
Kate BennettMolecular Pathology and Imaging Core, Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Saborni ChakrabortyDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0502-3757
Iris ChangInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Peggie CheungDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sharon ChinthrajahInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Shaurya DhingraDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Evan DoInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Amanda FinckDepartment of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Andrew GaanoDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Reinhard GeßnerInstitute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Heather M GianniniDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8979-3806
Joyce GonzalezDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Sarah GreibInstitute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Margrit GündischInstitute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Alex Ren HsuDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Alex KuoDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4996-5578
Monali ManoharInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Rong MaoDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Indira NeeliDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Andreas NeubauerDepartment of Hematology, Oncology, Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Oluwatosin OniyideDepartment of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Abigail E PowellDepartment of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Rajan PuriDepartment of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Harald RenzInstitute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Jeffrey SchapiroTPMG Regional Reference Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Payton A WeidenbacherDepartment of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Richard WittmanDepartment of Medicine, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5720-8329
Neera AhujaDepartment of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Ho-Ryun ChungInstitute for Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Prasanna JagannathanInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6305-758X
Judith A JamesArthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Peter S KimDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6503-4541
Nuala J MeyerInstitute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4597-5584
Kari C NadeauInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2146-2955
Marko RadicDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8004-282X
William H RobinsonDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Upinder SinghInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Taia T WangDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3894-685X
E John WherryInstitute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Chrysanthi SkevakiInstitute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. Chrysanthi.Skevaki@uk-gm.de.ORCID 0000-0001-5194-5635
Eline T Luning PrakDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. luning@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-9478-9211
Paul J UtzDepartment of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. pjutz@stanford.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-1181-1565
Stanford University · USPhilipps University of Marburg · DEUniversity of Pennsylvania · USUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center · USStanford Medicine · USTranslational Therapeutics (United States) · USChan Zuckerberg Initiative (United States) · USKaiser Permanente · USOklahoma Medical Research Foundation · USVA Palo Alto Health Care System · US
Funding
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CAN CTR SUPPORT GRANTP30CA016520 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI SHELLEY L BERGER · 1985 to 2026
$222.3MUsing a tonsil organoid system to probe conditions for the induction of protective antibody and T cell responses to influenza.U19AI057229 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Mark Morris Davis · 2003 to 2026
$88.5MVirus & Reservoirs CoreP30AI045008 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI ROBERT GROSS · 1999 to 2026
$78.6MTreatment of Peanut Allergy with Intradermal Administration of ASP0892 (ARA-LAMP-vax): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase I/II StudyUM2AI130836 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI WOOD, ROBERT A · 2017 to 2023
$62.1MVirology CoreU19AI082630 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI RAYMOND T CHUNG, GEORG Michael LAUER · 2009 to 2026
$48.1MHuman Pancreas Analysis Program for Type 1 Diabetes - HPAP-T1DU01DK112217 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MARK A. ATKINSON, KLAUS H KAESTNER · 2021 to 2026
$46.8MUnderstanding B cell memory in response to diverse virus infectionsU19AI111825 · NIAID · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI RAVETCH, JEFFREY VICTOR · 2014 to 2023
$26.0MPenn integrated Human Pancreas procurement and Analysis ProgramUC4DK112217 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BETTS, MICHAEL R, FELDMAN, MICHAEL D · 2016 to 2020
$17.8MTracking allergen specific T cells in multi-food allergyU19AI104209 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI GALLI, STEPHEN JOSEPH · 2013 to 2025
$17.3MSequencing and Viral Evolution CoreU19AI117950 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI WHERRY, E. JOHN · 2015 to 2019
$12.0MProject 3: T CellsU54CA260517 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOYD, SCOTT DEXTER · 2020 to 2024
$10.4MP3: Chemokine-Mediated T Cell Trafficking in HIV Transmission and Immune ResponseP01AI112521 · NIAID · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI LUSTER, ANDREW · 2014 to 2018
$9.8MNCI NIH HHS P30 CA016520NCI NIH HHS U54 CA260517NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL137006NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL137915NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007586NIAID NIH HHS L40 AI120105NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI112521NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI045008NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI105343NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI123539NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI125197NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI139119NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI150741NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057229NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI082630NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI104209NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI111825NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI117950NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI130839NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144288NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144292NIAID NIH HHS UM2 AI130836NIAMS NIH HHS T32 AR076951NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK112217NIDDK NIH HHS UC4 DK112217
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including autoimmune features and autoantibody production. Here we develop three protein arrays to measure IgG autoantibodies associated with connective tissue diseases, anti-cytokine antibodies, and anti-viral antibody responses in serum from 147 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Autoantibodies are identified in approximately 50% of patients but in less than 15% of healthy controls. When present, autoantibodies largely target autoantigens associated with rare disorders such as myositis, systemic sclerosis and overlap syndromes. A subset of autoantibodies targeting traditional autoantigens or cytokines develop de novo following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Autoantibodies track with longitudinal development of IgG antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and a subset of non-structural proteins, but not proteins from influenza, seasonal coronaviruses or other pathogenic viruses. We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 causes development of new-onset IgG autoantibodies in a significant proportion of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and are positively correlated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
Indexed as
AgedAntibodies, AntinuclearAntibodies, ViralAutoantibodiesAutoantigensConnective Tissue DiseasesCOVID-19CytokinesFemaleHospitalizationHumansImmunoglobulin GMaleMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2Viral ProteinsAntibodies, AntinuclearAntibodies, ViralAutoantibodiesAutoantigensCytokinesImmunoglobulin GViral Proteins
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