ArticleNeurology2021
Multicenter Validation of a Deep Learning Detection Algorithm for Focal Cortical Dysplasia.
Erratum issuedOpen access · greenAbstract readMulticenter StudyValidation Study
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 65 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
65citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
20.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Automatic Detection of Focal Cortical Dysplasia Using MRI: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Deep learning-based detection of focal cortical dysplasia in children: External validation of the MELD Graph and 3D-nnUNet pipelines.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- The role of pharmacogenomics in epilepsy treatment: advancements in personalized medicine.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2026Review
- Volume-inflation registration (INFREG) for morphometric analysis of human focal cortical dysplasia type II.iScience · 2026Article
- Narrative Review of Nanomaterial Interactions in Plants with a Focus on Multi-Omics and Epigenetic Remodeling.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Enhanced detection of subtle cortical abnormalities in focal epilepsy using 7 T MRI surface-based models and graph neural networks.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Structural and Quantitative MRI Signal Features in Pediatric Focal Cortical Dysplasia: Clinical Relevance.Physiological research · 2026Article
- A multimodal epilepsy dataset of paired 3-Tesla and 7-Tesla MRI and intracranial EEG.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Multimodal age-dependent diffusion-MRI analysis of the neocortex in a rat model of cortical dysplasia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- AI enabled decision support systems in epilepsy surgery a scoping review.Research square · 2026Article
- Pseudo-healthy image synthesis via location-guided diffusion models for focal cortical dysplasia lesion localization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Analysis of cortical dysplasias using b-tensor encoding diffusion MRI in an animal model.PloS one · 2026Article
- Multimodal artificial intelligence in epilepsy: antiseizure medication response, epileptogenic zone localization, and surgical outcome prediction.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Surfaced-based detection of focal cortical dysplasia using magnetic resonance fingerprinting and machine learning.Epilepsia · 2026Article
- Multimodal neuroimaging fusion in presurgical evaluation of drug-resistant epilepsy: current evidence, clinical integration, and future directions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Twenty years of frontal lobe surgery: Clinical outcomes and lessons from the frontier.Surgical neurology international · 2026Article
- Deep learning enabled decision support systems in epilepsy surgery: a scoping review.npj health systems · 2026Article
- The Capabilities of Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Morphometry to Diagnose Complex Cases of Focal Cortical Dysplasia (Pilot Study).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2026Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
22 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Ravnoor Singh GillFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0001-9287-591X
Hyo-Min LeeFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Benoit CaldairouFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Seok-Jun HongFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Carmen BarbaFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0001-5445-5842
Francesco DeleoFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0003-0808-3042
Ludovico D'IncertiFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Vanessa Cristina Mendes CoelhoFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Matteo LengeFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0003-2848-621X
Mira SemmelrochFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Dewi Victoria SchraderFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Fabrice BartolomeiFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Maxime GuyeFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0002-4435-2257
Andreas Schulze-BonhageFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Horst UrbachFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Kyoo Ho ChoFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0003-2402-7198
Fernando CendesFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0001-9336-9568
Renzo GuerriniFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0002-7272-7079
Graeme JacksonFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
R Edward HoganFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.ORCID 0000-0003-2272-5005
Neda BernasconiFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
Andrea BernasconiFrom the Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory (R.S.G., H.-M.L., B.C., S.-J.H., N.B., A.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories (C.B., M.L., R.G.), Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (F.D.) and Neuroradiology (L.D.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.C.M.C., F.C.), University of Campinas, Brazil; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne (M.S., G.J.), Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics (D.V.S.), British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; Aix Marseille University (F.B.), INSERM UMR 1106, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes; Aix Marseille University (M.G.), CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; Freiburg Epilepsy Center (A.S.-B., H.U.), Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology (K.H.C.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology (R.E.H.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. andrea.bernasconi@mcgill.ca.
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital · CA
Funding
CIHR MOP-57840
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveTo test the hypothesis that a multicenter-validated computer deep learning algorithm detects MRI-negative focal cortical dysplasia (FCD).
methodsWe used clinically acquired 3-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted and 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI of 148 patients (median age 23 years [range 2-55 years]; 47% female) with histologically verified FCD at 9 centers to train a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. Images were initially deemed MRI-negative in 51% of patients, in whom intracranial EEG determined the focus. For risk stratification, the CNN incorporated bayesian uncertainty estimation as a measure of confidence. To evaluate performance, detection maps were compared to expert FCD manual labels. Sensitivity was tested in an independent cohort of 23 cases with FCD (13 ± 10 years). Applying the algorithm to 42 healthy controls and 89 controls with temporal lobe epilepsy disease tested specificity.
resultsOverall sensitivity was 93% (137 of 148 FCD detected) using a leave-one-site-out cross-validation, with an average of 6 false positives per patient. Sensitivity in MRI-negative FCD was 85%. In 73% of patients, the FCD was among the clusters with the highest confidence; in half, it ranked the highest. Sensitivity in the independent cohort was 83% (19 of 23; average of 5 false positives per patient). Specificity was 89% in healthy and disease controls. DISCUSSION: This first multicenter-validated deep learning detection algorithm yields the highest sensitivity to date in MRI-negative FCD. By pairing predictions with risk stratification, this classifier may assist clinicians in adjusting hypotheses relative to other tests, increasing diagnostic confidence. Moreover, generalizability across age and MRI hardware makes this approach ideal for presurgical evaluation of MRI-negative epilepsy. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that deep learning on multimodal MRI accurately identifies FCD in patients with epilepsy initially diagnosed as MRI negative.
Indexed as
Deep LearningAdolescentAdultChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansImage Interpretation, Computer-AssistedImaging, Three-DimensionalMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMalformations of Cortical DevelopmentMiddle AgedNeuroimagingYoung Adult
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