ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2022
How Selection Over Time Contributes to the Inconsistency of the Association Between Sex/Gender and Cognitive Decline Across Cognitive Aging Cohorts.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The association between smoking status and aging cognitive trajectory accounting for bias in attrition.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Estimating cognitive decline in longitudinal studies with high mortality and a long interwave period: A comparison of approaches and considerations around integrating end-of-life interview data.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Analysis of Cohort Stepped Wedge Cluster-Randomized Trials With Nonignorable Dropout via Joint Modeling.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
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- Latent profiles and correlates factors of cognitive function in older adults: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Initial data analysis for longitudinal studies to build a solid foundation for reproducible analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Prevalence of DSM-5 mild and major neurocognitive disorder in India: Results from the LASI-DAD.PloS one · 2024Article
- Sons and parental cognition in mid-life and older adulthood.Journal of psychiatric research · 2022Article
- The Influence of Alcohol Consumption, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Duration on Cognition: Results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Relative Importance of Vascular Risk Factors on Early Cognitive Aging Varies Only Slightly Between Men and Women.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The association between sex/gender and aging-related cognitive decline remains poorly understood because of inconsistencies in findings. Such heterogeneity could be attributable to the cognitive functions studied and study population characteristics, but also to differential selection by dropout and death between men and women. We aimed to evaluate the impact of selection by dropout and death on the association between sex/gender and cognitive decline. We first compared the statistical methods most frequently used for longitudinal data, targeting either population estimands (marginal models fitted by generalized estimating equations) or subject-specific estimands (mixed/joint models fitted by likelihood maximization) in 8 studies of aging: 6 population-based studies (the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) Study (1996-2009), Personnes Âgées QUID (PAQUID; 1988-2014), the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study (2003-2016), the Three-City Study (Bordeaux only; 1999-2016), the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (WHICAP; 1992-2017), and the Whitehall II Study (2007-2016)) and 2 clinic-based studies (the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; 2004-2017) and a nationwide French cohort study, MEMENTO (2011-2016)). We illustrate differences in the estimands of the association between sex/gender and cognitive decline in selected examples and highlight the critical role of differential selection by dropout and death. Using the same estimand, we then contrast the sex/gender-cognitive decline associations across cohorts and cognitive measures suggesting a residual differential sex/gender association depending on the targeted cognitive measure (memory or animal fluency) and the initial cohort selection. We recommend focusing on subject-specific estimands in the living population for assessing sex/gender differences while handling differential selection over time.
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