Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34519017›Full record

ArticleBehavior research methods2022

Best research practices for using the Implicit Association Test.

Anthony G Greenwald, Miguel Brendl, Huajian Cai, Dario Cvencek, John F Dovidio, Malte Friese, Adam Hahn, Eric Hehman, Wilhelm Hofmann, Sean Hughes and 12 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Behavior research methods, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
51citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

51 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The impact of alcohol consumption on implicit racial bias.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2024
    Trial
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Implicit Bias in Health Professionals: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
    Article
  5. A downside of conceptual metaphor: metaphoric alignments of black and white.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. The Effects of Violent Video Game Characters' Race on Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes.International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Local Legislation is Associated With Regional Transgender Attitudes.Personality & social psychology bulletin · 2025
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Fundamental issues in epistemic injustice in healthcare.Medicine, health care, and philosophy · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Anthony G GreenwaldUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1525, USA. agg@uw.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-6865-8552
Miguel BrendlUniversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Huajian CaiChinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Dario CvencekUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1525, USA.
John F DovidioYale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Malte FrieseSaarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany.
Adam HahnUniversity of Koeln, Cologne, Germany.
Eric HehmanMcGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Wilhelm HofmannRuhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Sean HughesGhent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Ian HusseyGhent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Christian JordanWilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada.
Teri A KirbyUniversity of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Calvin K LaiWashington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Jonas W B LangGhent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Kristen P LindgrenUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1525, USA.
Dominika MaisonUniversity of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
Brian D OstafinUniversity of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
James R RaeUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
Kate A RatliffUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Adriaan SpruytGhent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Reinout W WiersUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Interest in unintended discrimination that can result from implicit attitudes and stereotypes (implicit biases) has stimulated many research investigations. Much of this research has used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure association strengths that are presumed to underlie implicit biases. It had been more than a decade since the last published treatment of recommended best practices for research using IAT measures. After an initial draft by the first author, and continuing through three subsequent drafts, the 22 authors and 14 commenters contributed extensively to refining the selection and description of recommendation-worthy research practices. Individual judgments of agreement or disagreement were provided by 29 of the 36 authors and commenters. Of the 21 recommended practices for conducting research with IAT measures presented in this article, all but two were endorsed by 90% or more of those who felt knowledgeable enough to express agreement or disagreement; only 4% of the totality of judgments expressed disagreement. For two practices that were retained despite more than two judgments of disagreement (four for one, five for the other), the bases for those disagreements are described in presenting the recommendations. The article additionally provides recommendations for how to report procedures of IAT measures in empirical articles.

Indexed as

AssociationAttitudeHumansImplicit Association Testimplicit social cognitionindirect attitude measurementrecommended research practices

Identifiers

PMID34519017
PMCPMC9170636

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.