Trial reportNature medicine2021
Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against malaria in infants in western Kenya: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.
Trial report in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02687373 (Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine Administered by Direct Venous Inoculation), which is not on this map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine Administered by Direct Venous Inoculation (DVI) to Healthy Children and Infants 5 Months Through 9 Years of Age Living in an Area of High Malaria Transmission in Western Kenya: Age De-escalation and Dose Escalation and a Double Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial for Safety and Efficacy
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on malaria and Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine challenges in sub-Saharan African clinical trials.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of the monoclonal antibody L9LS for malaria prevention in children exposed to perennial malaria transmission in Kenya: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Anti-sporozoite monoclonal antibody for malaria prevention: secondary efficacy outcome of a phase 2 randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a condensed, multi-dose prime regimen of PfSPZ Vaccine for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection.Malaria journal · 2025Trial
- Safety and efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine against malaria in healthy adults and women anticipating pregnancy in Mali: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Genotypic analysis of RTS,S/AS01The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Innate immune activation restricts priming and protective efficacy of the radiation-attenuated PfSPZ malaria vaccine.JCI insight · 2024Trial
- Safety and protective efficacy of PfSPZ Vaccine administered to HIV-negative and -positive Tanzanian adults.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Radiation-Attenuated PfSPZ Vaccine in Equatoguinean Infants, Children, and Adults.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Trial
- A randomized controlled trial showing safety and efficacy of a whole sporozoite vaccine against endemic malaria.Science translational medicine · 2022Trial
- Pan-African hybridization of PfSPZ increases antigenic diversity and replicative capacity for malaria vaccine design.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Zoonotic Parasite Nanovaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Integrative zoology · 2026Review
- Signatures of pathogen-driven selection and Austronesian gene flow of Papua New Guinea HLA alleles.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic Vδ2+ T cell subsets expand in response to malaria in human tonsil and spleen organoids.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Vaccine Distribution Logistics.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- mRNA delivery of circumsporozoite protein epitope-based malaria vaccines induces protection in a mouse model.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Better late than never: defining the ideal vaccine that targets pre-erythrocytic malaria infection.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Successful insertion and expression of a tetracycline transactivator in Anopheles stephensi associated with increased egg production and decreased hatching rate.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Age is an intrinsic driver of inflammatory responses to malaria.Nature communications · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
30 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ) vaccine provides protection against P. falciparum infection in malaria-naïve adults. Preclinical studies show that T cell-mediated immunity is required for protection and is readily induced in humans after vaccination. However, previous malaria exposure can limit immune responses and vaccine efficacy (VE) in adults. We hypothesized that infants with less previous exposure to malaria would have improved immunity and protection. We conducted a multi-arm, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 336 infants aged 5-12 months to determine the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and efficacy of the PfSPZ Vaccine in infants in a high-transmission malaria setting in western Kenya ( NCT02687373 ). Groups of 84 infants each received 4.5 × 10
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.