ArticleScientific reports2021
Itaconic acid exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects via promoting pentose phosphate pathway to produce ROS.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Itaconate: a dual-edged sword in immunometabolism and host-pathogen interactions.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Pyroptosis in Patients with Ovarian Dysfunction and Infertility: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Review
- The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3): mechanisms of activation, biological function, diseases and therapeutic targets.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Itaconate and its derivatives in human health and diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Dimethyl itaconate attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice: investigations on the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- Tailoring the Surface of Polylactide/Poly(itaconate derivative) Fibers: A Path to Antibacterial Enhancement.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of intra-articular injection of dimethyl itaconate combined with systemic vancomycin on periprosthetic joint infection in rats.Bone & joint research · 2026Article
- Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii proliferation by dimethyl itaconate: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Advances in understanding mitophagy's role in lung injury.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2026Review
- Harnessing Eugenol for Sustainability: Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Epoxy Thermosets.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation-driven changes in motivational behaviors are regulated by Orai1 calcium channels.Science signaling · 2026Article
- Polystyrene Nanoplastics Increase Macrophage Bactericidal Activity Through a Mechanism Involving Reactive Oxygen Species and Itaconate.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The inflammatory path toward type 1 diabetes begins during pregnancy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Oligoitaconates with Amino Acid Functional Groups for Tissue Engineering.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Determining the Importance of the Stringent Response for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Virulence In Vivo.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Reprogramming immunity with itaconate: metabolic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Immune-responsive gene 1: The mitochondrial key to Th17 cell pathogenicity in CNS autoimmunity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Host-directed therapy for tuberculosis.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Itaconic acid is produced by immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1)-coded enzyme in activated macrophages and known to play an important role in metabolism and immunity. In this study, mechanism of itaconic acid functioning as an anti-inflammatory metabolite was investigated with molecular biology and immunology techniques, by employing IRG1-null (prepared with CRISPR) and wild-type macrophages. Experimental results showed that itaconic acid significantly promoted the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which subsequently led to significantly higher NADPH oxidase activity and more reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS production increased the expression of anti-inflammatory gene A20, which in turn decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. NF-κB, which can up-regulate A20, was also vital in controlling IRG1 and itaconic acid involved immune-modulatory responses in LPS-stimulated macrophage in this study. In addition, itaconic acid inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium in cell through increasing ROS production from NADPH oxidase and the hatching of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in vitro. In short, this study revealed an alternative mechanism by which itaconic acid acts as an anti-inflammatory metabolite and confirmed the inhibition of bacterial pathogens with itaconic acid via ROS in cell. These findings provide the basic knowledge for future biological applications of itaconic acid in anti-inflammation and related pathogens control.
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