ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Model-driven mitigation measures for reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings.Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Counterfactual evaluation of elementary and secondary school policies in the COVID-19 pandemic.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Proactive vs. reactive COVID-19 screening in schools: Lessons from experimental protocols in France during the Delta and Omicron waves.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Evolving infectious disease dynamics shape school-based intervention effectiveness.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Evaluating trade-offs between COVID-19 prevention and learning loss: an agent-based simulation analysis.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Incorporating social determinants of health into transmission modeling of COVID-19 vaccine in the US: a scoping review.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- An epidemiological modeling framework to inform institutional-level response to infectious disease outbreaks: a Covid-19 case study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Temporal clustering of social interactions trades-off disease spreading and knowledge diffusion.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Article
- Optimizing campus-wide COVID-19 test notifications with interpretable wastewater time-series features using machine learning models.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Rotation-based schedules in elementary schools to prevent COVID-19 spread: a simulation study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Effects of School-Based Preventive Measures on COVID-19 Incidence, Hong Kong, 2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Experiences with regular testing of students for SARS-CoV-2 in primary and secondary schools: results from a cross-sectional study in two Norwegian counties, autumn 2021.BMC public health · 2023Article
- An epidemiological modeling framework to inform institutional-level response to infectious disease outbreaks: A Covid-19 case study.Research square · 2023Article
- A Multi-SCALE Community Network-Based SEIQR Model to Evaluate the Dynamic NPIs of COVID-19.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Testing in Schools: Perspectives of School Administrators, Teachers, Parents, and Students in Southern California.Health promotion practice · 2023Article
- Minimising school disruption under high incidence conditions due to the Omicron variant in France, Switzerland, Italy, in January 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- Optimizing the nucleic acid screening strategy to mitigate regional outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in China: a modeling study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Article
- A hybrid compartmental model with a case study of COVID-19 in Great Britain and Israel.Journal of mathematics in industry · 2023Article
- The impact of multiple non-pharmaceutical interventions for China-bound travel on domestic COVID-19 outbreaks.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 safe campus evaluation for universities by a hybrid interval type-2 fuzzy decision-making model.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reopening schools is an urgent priority as the COVID-19 pandemic drags on. To explore the risks associated with returning to in-person learning and the value of mitigation measures, we developed stochastic, network-based models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in primary and secondary schools. We find that a number of mitigation measures, alone or in concert, may reduce risk to acceptable levels. Student cohorting, in which students are divided into two separate populations that attend in-person classes on alternating schedules, can reduce both the likelihood and the size of outbreaks. Proactive testing of teachers and staff can help catch introductions early, before they spread widely through the school. In secondary schools, where the students are more susceptible to infection and have different patterns of social interaction, control is more difficult. Especially in these settings, planners should also consider testing students once or twice weekly. Vaccinating teachers and staff protects these individuals and may have a protective effect on students as well. Other mitigations, including mask wearing, social distancing, and increased ventilation, remain a crucial component of any reopening plan.
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