ArticleScience advances2021
Switchable immune modulator for tumor-specific activation of anticancer immunity.
Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Engineering cytokines for cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Traceless linkers used for reversible protein-polymer conjugations.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Enhancing cancer immunotherapy through polymer-based antibody conjugation technologies.Cancer biology & medicine · 2025Article
- Targeted delivery and controlled release of polymeric nanomedicines for tumor therapy.Fundamental research · 2025Review
- In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chemically synthesized, receptor-biased interleukin-4 and photocaged variants.Science advances · 2025Article
- Ultrasound-Activated Precise Sono-Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer with Reduced Pulmonary Fibrosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Immunocytokines in cancer immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- A tumor-conditional IL-15 safely synergizes with immunotherapy to enhance antitumor immune responses.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Nanoenabled IL-15 Superagonist via Conditionally Stabilized Protein-Protein Interactions Eradicates Solid Tumors by Precise Immunomodulation.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Advancements and challenges in immunocytokines: A new arsenal against cancer.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Review
- The relevance of tumor target expression levels on IgA-mediated cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- A metal ions-mediated natural small molecules carrier-free injectable hydrogel achieving laser-mediated photo-Fenton-like anticancer therapy by synergy apoptosis/cuproptosis/anti-inflammation.Bioactive materials · 2023Article
- Microfluidics-Enabled Nanovesicle Delivers CD47/PD-L1 Antibodies to Enhance Antitumor Immunity and Reduce Immunotoxicity in Lung Adenocarcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Rational Design of Chemically Controlled Antibodies and Protein Therapeutics.ACS chemical biology · 2023Article
- Overcoming the On-Target Toxicity in Antibody-Mediated Therapies via an Indirect Active Targeting Strategy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Recent and future perspectives on engineering interferons and other cytokines as therapeutics.Trends in biochemical sciences · 2023Review
- A Review of Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Strategies to mitigate the on- and off-target toxicities of recombinant immunotoxins: an antibody engineering perspective.Antibody therapeutics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune stimulatory antibodies and cytokines elicit potent antitumor immunity. However, the dose-limiting systemic toxicity greatly hinders their clinical applications. Here, we demonstrate a chemical approach, termed “switchable” immune modulator (Sw-IM), to limit the systemic exposure and therefore ameliorate their toxicities. Sw-IM is a biomacromolecular therapeutic reversibly masked by biocompatible polymers through chemical linkers that are responsive to tumor-specific stimuli, such as high reducing potential and acidic pH. Sw-IMs stay inert (switch off) in the circulation and healthy tissues but get reactivated (switch on) selectively in tumor via responsive removal of the polymer masks, thus focusing the immune boosting activities in the tumor microenvironment. Sw-IMs applied to anti–4-1BB agonistic antibody and IL-15 cytokine led to equivalent antitumor efficacy to the parental IMs with markedly reduced toxicities. Sw-IM provides a highly modular and generic approach to improve the therapeutic window and clinical applicability of potent IMs in mono- and combinational immunotherapies.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.