ArticleScience advances2021
Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques.
Article in Science advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunogenicity Characterization of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2023Pooled it
- Assessment of the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primate studies: a systematic review.Open research Europe · 2022Pooled it
- Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus.Science advances · 2026Article
- Exposure route drives SARS-CoV-2 infection patterns in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hamsters immunized with formalin-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 develop accelerated lung histopathological lesions and Th2-biased response following infection.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- A systems biology approach to define SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: global trends and new strategies for their prevention and control.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Production and Immunogenicity Assessment of LTp50: AnPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- In vitro high-content tissue models to address precision medicine challenges.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2023Review
- Syrian hamster convalescence from prototype SARS-CoV-2 confers measurable protection against the attenuated disease caused by the Omicron variant.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Pre-clinical models to define correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Protective roles and protective mechanisms of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Exposure modality influences viral kinetics but not respiratory outcome of COVID-19 in multiple nonhuman primate species.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant causes mild pathology in the upper and lower respiratory tract of hamsters.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Review
- Medical imaging of pulmonary disease in SARS-CoV-2-exposed non-human primates.Trends in molecular medicine · 2022Review
- Th2-Oriented Immune Serum After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Does Not Enhance InfectionFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models.PLoS pathogens · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
42 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective vaccines to prevent COVID-19. A concern for the development of new viral vaccines is the potential to induce vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). This was reported in several preclinical studies with both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS vaccines but has not been reported with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We have used ferrets and rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 to assess the potential for VED in animals vaccinated with formaldehyde-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (FIV) formulated with Alhydrogel, compared to a negative control vaccine. We showed no evidence of enhanced disease in ferrets or rhesus macaques given FIV except for mild transient enhanced disease seen 7 days after infection in ferrets. This increased lung pathology was observed at day 7 but was resolved by day 15. We also demonstrate that formaldehyde treatment of SARS-CoV-2 reduces exposure of the spike receptor binding domain providing a mechanistic explanation for suboptimal immunity.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.