ArticleBiomedical optics express2021
Handheld spatial frequency domain imager for noninvasive Sjögren's syndrome labial salivary gland biopsy.
Article in Biomedical optics express, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deep-learning-enabled spatial frequency domain imaging of the spatiotemporal dynamics of skin physiology.Journal of biomedical optics · 2025Article
- Multi-frequency spatial frequency domain imaging: a depth-resolved optical scattering model to isolate scattering contrast in thin layers of skin.Journal of biomedical optics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGB) plays an essential role in diagnosing Sjögren's syndrome (SS), but its clinical application is limited due to its invasiveness. Here, we present a handheld single snapshot multiple-frequency demodulation-spatial frequency domain imaging (SSMD-SFDI) device for a rapid optical biopsy of labial salivary glands noninvasively. The structural and physiological parameters of lower lip mucosa were obtained from the light reflectance of the layered oral mucosa. The recovered parameters were found to correlate strongly with the progression of SS. In our pilot study on 15 healthy subjects and 183 SS patients, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier using the measured parameters distinguished healthy subjects, LSGB I, II, III, and IV patients in sequence with AUCs of 0.979, 0.898, 0.906, and 0.978, respectively. Critical structural and physiological alterations in the mucosa due to SS were further identified and used to assess its risk using an explainable neural network. The handheld spatial frequency domain imager may serve as a valuable label-free and noninvasive tool for early diagnosing and surveying SS.
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Registered trials
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