ArticleSurgical neurology international2021
Overview of the modeling of complex biological systems and its role in neurosurgery.
Article in Surgical neurology international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Why family medicine requires a paradigm shift from linear guidelines to complexity science.Family medicine and community health · 2026Article
- The unsolvable problem of traumatic brain injury (or how to stop wasting money in fruitless research).Surgical neurology international · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biological systems are complex with distinct characteristics such as nonlinearity, adaptability, and self-organization. Biomedical research has helped in advancing our understanding of certain components the human biology but failed to illustrate the behavior of the biological systems within. This failure can be attributed to the use of the linear approach, which reduces the system to its components then study each component in isolation. This approach assumes that the behavior of complex systems is the result of the sum of the function of its components. The complex systems approach requires the identification of the components of the system and their interactions with each other and with the environment. Within neurosurgery, this approach has the potential to advance our understanding of the human nervous system and its subsystems.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.