Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34511970›Full record

ArticleJournal of inflammation research2021

Alterations in the Plasma Proteome Induced by SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV Reveal Biomarkers for Disease Outcomes for COVID-19 Patients.

Ayodele Alaiya, Abeer Alshukairi, Zakia Shinwari, Mariam Al-Fares, Jawaher Alotaibi, Waleed AlOmaim, Ibtihaj Alsharif, Razan Bakheet, Layla Alharbi, Rabab Allam and 4 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06992401 (An Observational Study Collecting Real-World Data on Intranasal IVIG Treatment in Long COVID-19 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
1.2field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06992401 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

An Observational Study Collecting Real-World Data on Intranasal IVIG Treatment in Long COVID-19 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Patients With Immunodeficiency Engaged in International Medical Tourism

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorTamara C TamasRan2026 to 2029Enrolled50ConditionsPost-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Long COVID, Long COVID Fatigue, Long COVID Syndrome
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Age-Associated Proteomic Changes in Human Spermatozoa.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Plasma Proteins Associated with COVID-19 Severity in Puerto Rico.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Saliva metabolomic profile of COVID-19 patients associates with disease severity.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2022
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Ayodele AlaiyaProteomics Unit, Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-2124-8550
Abeer AlshukairiDepartment of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Zakia ShinwariProteomics Unit, Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
Mariam Al-FaresClinical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Jawaher AlotaibiDepartment of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Waleed AlOmaimClinical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Ibtihaj AlsharifImmunocompromised Host Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Razan BakheetCentre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Layla AlharbiImmunocompromised Host Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Rabab AllamProteomics Unit, Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
Ayed AsiriCritical Care Services, Al Imam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Ziad MemishResearch and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-5099-0714
Khaldoun AlromaihCentre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Maha Al-MozainiImmunocompromised Host Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre · SAImam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital · SAKing Saud Medical City · SA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study aimed to understand the pathophysiology of host responses to infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/(COVID-19) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and to identify proteins for patient stratification with different grades of illness severity. PATIENTS AND

methodsPeripheral blood samples from 43 patients with different grades of COVID-19, 7 MERS-CoV patients admitted to the ICU, and 10 healthy subjects were analyzed using label-free quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

resultsWe identified 193 and 91 proteins that differed significantly between COVID-19 and MERS-CoV sample groups, respectively, and 49 overlapped between datasets. Only 10 proteins are diagnostic of asymptomatic cases, 12 are prognostic of recovery from severe illness, and 28 are prognostic of a fatal outcome of COVID-19. These proteins are implicated in virus-specific/related signaling networks. Notable among the top canonical pathways are humoral immunity, inflammation, acute-phase response signaling, liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, coagulation, and the complement system. Furthermore, we confirmed positive viral shedding in 11.76% of 51 additional peripheral blood samples, indicating that caution should be taken to avoid the possible risk of transfusion of infected blood products.

conclusionWe identified COVID-19 and MERS-CoV protein panels that have potential as biomarkers and might assist in the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The identified markers further our understanding of COVID-19 disease pathophysiology and may have prognostic or therapeutic potential in predicting or managing host cell responses to human COVID-19 and MERS-CoV infections.

Indexed as

biomarkersCOVID-19expression proteomicsMERS-CoVSARS-CoV

Identifiers

PMID34511970
PMCPMC8421783
OpenAlexW3198181809

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.