ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2021
Small extracellular vesicles encapsulating CCL2 from activated astrocytes induce microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis after traumatic spinal cord injury.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunoregulation of Glia after spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal disarray of inflammatory microenvironment following spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Brain Tissue-Derived Exosomal Proteomics Identifies Chemotaxis-Associated Protein Changes After Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Hippocampal Transcriptomic Comparison.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Emerging role of copper in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Systemic Inflammation Triggers Motor Axon Degeneration Via Macrophage IL-1β-Mediated P53/SIRT1/Autophagy Pathway.Inflammation · 2026Article
- RNA-binding proteins: a comprehensive review of multifaceted regulatory mechanisms in neuroinflammation and implications in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Identification of the IL-1β/miRNA-326 axis as a key regulator of ferroptosis in spinal cord injury.BMC neuroscience · 2026Article
- RPS3-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Liver-Spinal Cord Inter-Organ Communication.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Uncovering the Potential Mechanisms of Ergothioneine in Neuroinflammation Through Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and In Vitro Validation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicle-Based Biomarkers in Spinal Cord Injury: A State-of-the-Art Review on Diagnostic and Prognostic Advances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Downregulation of neuronal DRD2 drives microglia synaptic pruning and results in cognitive deficits by promoting CCL2 release in a rat model of chronic migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- The glia-immune network: Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as microglial co-ordinators in health and disease.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Regulatory mechanisms and research progress of astrocytes in the neuro-endocrine-immune network.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- The CCL2-CCR2 axis in primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastasis: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic potentials.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- USP11-PGAM5 Axis Promotes Neurotoxic Astrocyte Reactivity by Aggravating the mtDNA-cGAS-STING Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Athlete-derived extracellular vesicles protect against spinal cord injury via inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis.Science advances · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury: Ready to Go.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Microglia-Astrocyte Interactions in Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Global trends on exosomes in spinal cord injury: A bibliometric analysis and mini-review.Biomaterials translational · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease which causes high disability and mortality rates. The molecular pathological features after spinal cord injury mainly involve the inflammatory response, microglial and neuronal apoptosis, abnormal proliferation of astrocytes, and the formation of glial scars. However, the microenvironmental changes after spinal cord injury are complex, and the interactions between glial cells and nerve cells remain unclear. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may play a key role in cell communication by transporting RNA, proteins, and bioactive lipids between cells. Few studies have examined the intercellular communication of astrocytes through sEVs after SCI. The inflammatory signal released from astrocytes is known to initiate microglial activation, but its effects on neurons after SCI remain to be further clarified.
methodsElectron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting were applied to characterize sEVs. We examined microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis mediated by astrocyte activation in an experimental model of acute spinal cord injury and in cell culture in vitro.
resultsOur results indicated that astrocytes activated after spinal cord injury release CCL2, act on microglia and neuronal cells through the sEV pathway, and promote neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation after binding the CCR2. Subsequently, the activated microglia release IL-1β, which acts on neuronal cells, thereby further aggravating their apoptosis.
conclusionThis study elucidates that astrocytes interact with microglia and neurons through the sEV pathway after SCI, enriching the mechanism of CCL2 in neuroinflammation and spinal neurodegeneration, and providing a new theoretical basis of CCL2 as a therapeutic target for SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.