SynthesisJournal of general internal medicine2022
The Longer-Term Benefits and Harms of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of general internal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of type 2 diabetes with the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetologia · 2022Pooled it
- Threonic acid, an ascorbic acid metabolite, synergizes with intermittent fasting to ameliorate obesity.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review.Drugs · 2026Review
- Lifestyle Change Interventions: Effectiveness of REWIND, a Virtual, Community-Based Weight Management Program.Obesity science & practice · 2025Article
- Long-term outcomes following alternative second-line oral glucose-lowering treatments: Results from the real-world progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus United Kingdom (RAPIDS-UK) model.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- What is the Role of Primary Prevention of Obesity in an Age of Effective Pharmaceuticals?Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: Exciting Avenues Beyond Weight Loss.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025 · on this mapReview
- Long-Term Efficacy Trajectories of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Does Incretin Agonism Have Sustainable Efficacy?Cells · 2024Review
- Updating and calibrating the Real-World Progression In Diabetes (RAPIDS) model in a non-Veterans Affairs population.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2024Article
- Review
- Evaluating the effectiveness and safety of various Tirzepatide dosages in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
- Review
- Effects of newer-generation anti-diabetics on diabetic retinopathy: a critical review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Review
- GLP-1 receptor agonists in diabetes and weight loss: the double-edged sword of innovation and risks.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2024Article
- Review
- First-Line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists : A Cost-Effectiveness Study.Annals of internal medicine · 2022Article
- Association of hemoglobin A1c time in range with risk for diabetes complications.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2022Observational
- Efficacy and safety profile of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in obese Type-2 diabetes patients from a private institution in Karachi.Pakistan journal of medical sciencesArticle
- Xenotransplantation: Injustice, Harm, and Alternatives for Addressing the Organ Crisis.The Hastings Center reportArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious meta-analyses of the benefits and harms of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs) have been limited to specific outcomes and comparisons and often included short-term results. We aimed to estimate the longer-term effects of GLP1RAs on cardiovascular risk factors, microvascular and macrovascular complications, mortality, and adverse events in patients with type 2 diabetes, compared to placebo and other anti-hyperglycemic medications.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, and clinicaltrials.gov (inception-July 2019) for randomized controlled trials ≥ 52 weeks' duration that compared a GLP1RA to placebo or other anti-hyperglycemic medication and included at least one outcome of interest. Outcomes included cardiovascular risk factors, microvascular and macrovascular complications, all-cause mortality, and treatment-related adverse events. We performed random effects meta-analyses to give summary estimates using weighted mean differences (MD) and pooled relative risks (RR). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias in randomized trials tool. Quality of evidence was summarized using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. The study was registered a priori with PROSPERO (CRD42018090506).
resultsForty-five trials with a mean duration of 1.7 years comprising 71,517 patients were included. Compared to placebo, GLP1RAs reduced cardiovascular risk factors, microvascular complications (including renal events, RR 0.85, 0.80-0.90), macrovascular complications (including stroke, RR 0.86, 0.78-0.95), and mortality (RR 0.89, 0.84-0.94). Compared to other anti-hyperglycemic medications, GLP1RAs only reduced cardiovascular risk factors. Increased gastrointestinal events causing treatment discontinuation were observed in both comparisons. DISCUSSION: GLP1RAs reduced cardiovascular risk factors and increased gastrointestinal events compared to placebo and other anti-hyperglycemic medications. GLP1RAs also reduced MACE, stroke, renal events, and mortality in comparisons with placebo; however, analyses were inconclusive for comparisons with other anti-hyperglycemic medications. Given the high costs of GLP1RAs, the lack of long-term evidence comparing GLP1RAs to other anti-hyperglycemic medications has significant policy and clinical practice implications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.