ReviewThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2022
100 years of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin.
Review in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 211 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of the primary Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine against the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease: a meta-analysis of individual participant data.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of preventive treatment among different age groups and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status: a systematic review and individual-participant data meta-analysis of contact tracing studies.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policies in reducing infection and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review.Global health research and policy · 2022Pooled it
- Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of VPM1002 and Immuvac in preventing tuberculosis: phase 3 randomised clinical trial (PreVenTB trial).BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Trial
- Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in adult Brazilian health-care workers: a nested clinical trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Route of BCG administration determines success.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines as Antigen-Agnostic Immunomodulators: A Repurposing Perspective.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Long-Term Impact of Historical BCG Vaccination Policies on Parkinson's Disease Risk: A Hypothesis-Generating Retrospective Cohort Analysis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Styrene Maleic Acid Lipid Particles Prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Plasma Membrane can Potentially Induce Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Healthy Individuals of a Tuberculosis Hyperendemic Region.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Investigating the role of baseline gut Akkermansia muciniphila and its co-metabolite palmitoleic acid in BCG vaccine efficacy: a preclinical study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis: Interplay Between Host Antituberculosis Immunity and Immune Evasion Strategies ofMedComm · 2026Review
- Immunotherapeutic modalities for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria: therapeutic promises of antibodies and next-generation vaccines.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- What Is the Significance of an Accelerated BCG Reaction in Children Living in Low Tuberculosis Incidence Countries?Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2026Article
- Oxidative modifications of tuberculosis antigen Ag85B alter its T cell antigenicity.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Beyond the bladder: case series ofASM case reports · 2026Article
- [Infectious complications following intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy: a case series].Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Article
- Seropositivity and Risk Factors forAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- BCG-trained macrophages promote pan-anti-tumor activity through epigenetic rewiring of NOX2-ROS axis.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an experimental vaccine designed to protect cattle from bovine tuberculosis, was administered for the first time to a newborn baby in Paris in 1921. Over the past century, BCG has saved tens of millions of lives and has been given to more humans than any other vaccine. It remains the sole tuberculosis vaccine licensed for use in humans. BCG provides long-lasting strong protection against miliary and meningeal tuberculosis in children, but it is less effective for the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in adults. Evidence mainly from the past two decades suggests that BCG has non-specific benefits against non-tuberculous infections in newborn babies and in older adults, and offers immunotherapeutic benefit in certain malignancies such as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. However, as a live attenuated vaccine, BCG can cause localised or disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts, which can also occur following intravesical installation of BCG for the treatment of bladder cancer. The legacy of BCG includes fundamental discoveries about tuberculosis-specific and non-specific immunity and the demonstration that tuberculosis is a vaccine-preventable disease, providing a foundation for new vaccines to hasten tuberculosis elimination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.