SynthesisPloS one2021
Experiences of transgender and non-binary youth accessing gender-affirming care: A systematic review and meta-ethnography.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Transgender and gender diverse youths' experiences of healthcare: A systematic review of qualitative studies.Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community · 2025Pooled it
- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer People's Experiences of Stigma Across the Spectrum of Inpatient Psychiatric Care: A Systematic Review.International journal of mental health nursing · 2025Pooled it
- Characterizing Barriers to Engaging in Digestive Health care for Sexual and Gender Minority People in the United States.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2026Article
- PrEP Intentions, Heavy Substance Use, and Gender Affirmation among Black and Latine Transgender and Gender-Expansive Youth: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Medical Mistrust Among Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adults.Sexuality research & social policy : journal of NSRC : SR & SP · 2026Article
- The gender congruence and life satisfaction scale for transgender and gender-diverse youth (GCLS-Y): A validation study with samples from the UK and US.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Article
- Living a livable body: Trans masculinities, surgery, and resistance in the Global South.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- "It was actually my family and friends who noticed that my voice changed": An interview study on the experiences of transgender and non-binary youth and young adults three years into medical treatment.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- "I was lucky": Exploring the healthcare experiences of trans and non-binary youth in Alberta.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Social transition in young trans people accessing gender-affirming care.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Transgender and Nonbinary Young Adult-Perceived Facilitators of Parental Consent for Gender-Affirming Medical Care as a Minor.Transgender health · 2025Article
- Individualized and innovative gender healthcare for transgender and nonbinary youth.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Intentions to Use PrEP Among a National Sample of Transgender and Gender-Expansive Youth and Emerging Adults: Examining Gender Minority Stress, Substance Use, and Gender Affirmation.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Commentary: Adolescents, Marginalization(s) and Abortion Care in Canada.Healthcare policy = Politiques de sante · 2025Article
- Healthcare Mistreatment is Associated With Psychological Distress, Suicidality, and Substance Use Among Transgender and Nonbinary Emerging Adults.Emerging adulthood (Print) · 2025Article
- Exploring Health Care Professionals' Perspectives on Education, Awareness, and Preferences for Digital Educational Resources to Support Transgender, Nonbinary, and Intersex Care: Interview Study.JMIR medical education · 2025Article
- Navigating payment and policy barriers to gender-affirming care for transmasculine individuals: A qualitative study and policy assessment.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- "International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- Shifting Paradigms: A Deep Dive Into Public Perceptions of Gender-affirming Surgery.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTransgender and non-binary individuals frequently engage with healthcare services to obtain gender-affirming care. Little data exist on the experiences of young people accessing gender care. This systematic review and meta-ethnography aimed to identify and synthesise data on youths' experiences accessing gender-affirming healthcare.
methodA systematic review and meta-ethnography focusing on qualitative research on the experiences of transgender and non-binary youth accessing gender care was completed between April-December 2020. The following databases were used: PsychINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO, international prospective register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020139908).
resultsTen studies were included in the final review. The sample included participants with diverse gender identities and included the perspective of parents/caregivers. Five dimensions (third-order constructs) were identified and contextualized into the following themes: 1.) Disclosure of gender identity. 2.) The pursuit of care. 3.) The cost of care. 4.) Complex family/caregiver dynamics. 5.) Patient-provider relationships. Each dimension details a complicated set of factors that can impact healthcare navigation and are explained through a new conceptual model titled "The Rainbow Brick Road".
conclusionThis synthesis expands understanding into the experience of transgender and non-binary youth accessing gender-affirming healthcare. Ryvicker's behavioural-ecological model of healthcare navigation is discussed in relation to the findings and compared to the authors' conceptual model. This detailed analysis reveals unique insights on healthcare navigation challenges and the traits, resources, and infrastructure needed to overcome these. Importantly, this paper reveals the critical need for more research with non-binary youth and research which includes the population in the design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.