SynthesisPloS one2021
Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antipsychotic therapy and breast cancer risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of spontaneous movement disorders (dyskinesia, parkinsonism, akathisia and dystonia) in never-treated patients with chronic and first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ mental health · 2024Pooled it
- The magnitude and variability of neurocognitive performance in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Tardive Dyskinesia in Patients Receiving Continuous Versus Intermittent Oral Metoclopramide: A Retrospective Real World Study.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026Article
- Review
- The Potential of Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Psychosis: Endocannabinoid Regulation of Serotonergic Neurotransmission via Serotonin 5-HT1A/2A Receptors.Neurochemical research · 2026Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Drug Toxicity in Polypharmacy: Analgesic-Psychotropic Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Use of Corrected QT Cutoffs Derived from Biological Variation to Predict Adverse Events Due to Antipsychotic Drugs: Case Report.Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Emergency Department Presentation of Duloxetine-induced Acute Extrapyramidal Symptoms: A Case Report.Clinical practice and cases in emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Second-Generation Antipsychotics for Depression in Serious Illness: A First-Line Augmentation Strategy.Journal of pain and symptom management · 2026Review
- The Effects of Antipsychotic Dose Reduction on Movement Disorders and Cardiometabolic Indices in Patients Remitted from a First Episode of Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Multi-Target Cardioprotective Potential of Garcinia indica Choisy in Olanzapine-Induced Cardiometabolic Dysregulation: Evidence From Computational and Experimental Insights in H9c2(2-1) Cells.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Article
- Tardive Oropharyngeal Dyskinesia Associated With Antipsychotic Use in the Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia.Journal of medical cases · 2026Article
- Risk of extrapyramidal symptoms associated with antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trials.Research square · 2026Article
- Neurological Adverse Effects of Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Young People.Paediatric drugs · 2026Review
- Article
- Tryptophan Supplementation Reduces Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms in Apomorphine Treated Rats: Role of D2, GABA, and Glutamate Receptor Expression.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2026Article
- Solutions to common issues in the use of LAIs.CNS spectrums · 2025Review
- Prevalence and associated factors of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in the Tigray region.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntipsychotic agents are the basis for the pharmacological management of acute and chronic schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, mood disorders with psychotic feature, and other psychotic disorders. Antipsychotic medication use is frequently associated with unfavorable adverse effects such as extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs). Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to determine the magnitude of antipsychotic-induced EPSEs.
methodA literature search was conducted using legitimate databases, indexing services, and directories including PubMed/MEDLINE (Ovid®), EMBASE (Ovid®), google scholar and WorldCat to retrieve studies. Following screening and eligibility, the relevant data were extracted from the included studies using an Excel sheet and exported to STATA 15.0 software for analyses. The Random effects pooling model was used to analyze outcome measures at a 95% confidence interval. Besides, publication bias analysis was conducted. The protocol has been registered on PROSPERO with ID: CRD42020175168.
resultIn total, 15 original articles were included for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of antipsychotic-induced EPSEs among patient taking antipsychotic medications was 37% (95% CI: 18-55%, before sensitivity) and 31% (95% CI: 19-44%, after sensitivity). The prevalence of antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia was 20% (95% CI: 11-28%), 11% (95% CI: 6-17%), and 7% (95% CI: 4-9%), respectively. To confirm a small-study effect, Egger's regression test accompanied by funnel plot asymmetry demonstrated that there was a sort of publication bias in studies reporting akathisia and tardive dyskinesia.
conclusionThe prevalence of antipsychotic-induced EPSEs was considerably high. One in five and more than one in ten patients experienced parkinsonism and akathisia, respectively. Appropriate prevention and early management of these effects can enhance the net benefits of antipsychotics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.