ArticleBehavior research methods2022
Measuring naturalistic proximity as a window into caregiver-child interaction patterns.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Introduction of a Novel Toy Changes the Contingent Dynamics of Infant-Caregiver Joint Exploration.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Quantifying infants' everyday restrained experiences in the home using wearable inertial sensors.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Measuring early experiences: Challenges and future directions.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Moment-to-moment cascades: Infants' real-time locomotor posture structures opportunities for joint object play with caregivers.Developmental psychology · 2025Article
- Trade-Offs Between Simplifying Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Movement Recordings and the Attainability of Different Levels of Analyses: Systematic Assessment of Method Variations.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-powered 3D analysis of video-based caregiver-child interactions.Science advances · 2025Article
- Caregiving relationships are a cornerstone of developmental psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2024Review
- The next generation of developmental psychopathology research: Including broader perspectives and becoming more precise.Development and psychopathology · 2024Article
- Environmental contributions to cognitive development: The role of cognitive stimulation.Developmental review : DR · 2024Article
- Automatic assessment of infant carrying and holding using at-home wearable recordings.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Within arms reach: Physical proximity shapes mother-infant language exchanges in real-time.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2023Article
- Article
- Infant locomotion shapes proximity to adults during everyday play in the U.S.Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies · 2023Article
- Auditory chaos classification in real-world environments.Frontiers in digital health · 2023Article
- Digital Technologies for Emotion-Regulation Assessment and Intervention: A Conceptual Review.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2022Article
- Advancing the RDoC initiative through the assessment of caregiver social processes.Development and psychopathology · 2021Article
- Dimensions of the language environment in infancy and symptoms of psychopathology in toddlerhood.Developmental science · 2021Article
- Sensing everyday activity: Parent perceptions and feasibility.Infant behavior & development · 2021Article
- Tracking Infant Development With a Smartphone: A Practical Guide to the Experience Sampling Method.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Review
- Characterizing the Brain Structural Adaptations Across the Motherhood Transition.Frontiers in global women's health · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The interactions most supportive of positive child development take place in moments of close contact with others. In the earliest years of life, a child's caregivers are the primary partners in these important interactions. Little is known about the patterns of real-life physical interactions between children and their caregivers, in part due to an inability to measure these interactions as they occur in real time. We have developed a wearable, infrastructure-free device (TotTag) used to dynamically and unobtrusively measure physical proximity between children and caregivers in real time. We present a case-study illustration of the TotTag with data collected over two (12-hour) days each from two families: a family of four (30-month-old son, 61-month-old daughter, 37-year-old father, 37-year-old mother), and a family of three (12-month-old daughter, 35-year-old-father, 33-year-old mother). We explored patterns of proximity within each parent-child dyad and whether close proximity would indicate periods in which increased opportunity for developmentally critical interactions occur. Each child also wore a widely used wearable audio recording device (LENA) to collect time-synced linguistic input. Descriptive analyses reveal wide variability in caregiver-child proximity both within and across dyads, and that the amount of time spent in close proximity with a caregiver is associated with the number of adult words and conversational turns to which a child was exposed. This suggests that variations in proximity are linked to-though, critically, not synonymous with-the quantity of a child's exposure to adult language. Potential implications for deepening the understanding of early caregiver-child interactions are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.