ArticleClinical and experimental dental research2022
The effects of cigarette smoking on the salivary and tongue microbiome.
Article in Clinical and experimental dental research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of electronic cigarette use on periodontitis and periodontal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC oral health · 2024Pooled it
- Shotgun Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Taxonomic and Functional Transitions in the Salivary Microbiome During Periodontal Disease Progression.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Observational
- Evaluating the Impact of Little Cigar Use on the Oral Bacterial Microbiota of Cigarette Smokers.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tobacco-Induced Oral Dysbiosis and Microbial Shifts: A Narrative Review of Their Role in Systemic Inflammation and Disease.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Oral-gut microbiome dysbiosis in obese smokers reveals compartment-specific shifts.AMB Express · 2026Article
- Effects of cigarette smoking on the oral microbiome in adolescents.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Bacterial proteomic profile of early colonizers on the acquired pellicle of patients with head and neck cancer.Brazilian oral research · 2026Article
- Metagenomic analysis of tongue samples from healthy subjects identifies distinct microbiome orotypes.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis: a key driver of systemic diseases and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Impact of electronic cigarette use on the oral microbiome: a protocol for a systematic review of clinical studies.Systematic reviews · 2025Article
- Oral microbiome composition is associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- The Oral-Gut Microbiome-Brain Axis in Cognition.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Potential roles of cigarette smoking on gut microbiota profile among Chinese men.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Smoking Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Progression Through Oral Microbiota Modulation.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- A cross-cohort study identifies potential oral microbial markers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.iScience · 2024Article
- Article
- Nepali oral microbiomes reflect a gradient of lifestyles from traditional to industrialized.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Bacteriome and mycobiome dysbiosis in oral mucosal dysplasia and oral cancer.Periodontology 2000 · 2024Review
- Hospitalization-associated disability prediction using Hospital Frailty Risk Score in older patients undergoing pancreatectomy.European geriatric medicine · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIt has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated the composition of the salivary and tongue bacterial communities of smokers and nonsmokers in periodontally healthy adults.
methodsThe study population included 50 healthy adults. The bacterial composition of resting saliva and the tongue coating was identified through barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The Brinkman index (BI) was used to calculate lifetime exposure to smoking. The richness and diversity of the microbiome were evaluated using the t-test. Differences in the proportions of bacterial genera between smokers and nonsmokers were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The quantitative relationship between the proportions of genera and the BI was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.
resultsThe richness and diversity of the oral microbiome differed significantly between saliva and the tongue but not between smokers and nonsmokers. The saliva samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Treponema and Selenomonas. The tongue samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Dialister and Atopobium. The genus Cardiobacterium in saliva, and the genus Granulicatella on the tongue, were negatively correlated with BI values. On the other hand, the genera Treponema, Oribacterium, Dialister, Filifactor, Veillonella, and Selenomonas in saliva and Dialister, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Cryptobacterium on the tongue were positively correlated with BI values.
conclusionsThe saliva and tongue microbial profiles of smokers and nonsmokers differed in periodontally healthy adults. The genera associated with periodontitis and oral malodor accounted for high proportions in saliva and on the tongue of smokers without periodontitis and were positively correlated with lifetime exposure to smoking. The tongue might be a reservoir of pathogens associated with oral disease in smokers.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.