ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategies for Refractory Bullous Pemphigoid.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shared Mechanistic Pathways in Bullous Pemphigoid, Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria, Prurigo Nodularis, and Chronic Prurigo of Unknown Origin: Implications for Targeted Therapies.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2026Review
- A diffuse presentation of urticarial bullous pemphigoid.Journal of osteopathic medicine · 2026Article
- Combination therapy including dupilumab, omalizumab, and mycophenolate mofetil for refractory bullous pemphigoid.JAAD case reports · 2025Article
- Pathophysiology of Bullous Pemphigoid: Role of Type 2 Inflammation and Emerging Treatment Strategies (Narrative Review).Advances in therapy · 2024Review
- Study of cytokine-induced immunity in bullous pemphigoid: recent developments.Annals of medicine · 2023Review
- The many faces of pediatric urticaria.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Review
- Associations between bullous pemphigoid and hematological diseases: Literature review on mechanistic connections and possible treatments.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Prospects for targeting ACKR1 in cancer and other diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Elevated levels of interleukin-9 in the serum of bullous pemphigoid: possible association with the pathogenicity of bullous pemphigoid.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- A Review of the Immunologic Pathways Involved in Bullous Pemphigoid and Novel Therapeutic Targets.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Differential expression of C5aR1 and C5aR2 in innate and adaptive immune cells located in early skin lesions of bullous pemphigoid patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Commentary: Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Moderate-to-Severe Bullous Pemphigoid.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Updates on the Management of Autoimmune Bullous Diseases.Indian dermatology online journalReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder in the elderly. Systemic and topical use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants has been shown to be effective in most patients. However, refractory BP patients are challenged to clinicians with severe clinical symptoms, resistance to treatment, and high relapse rate. How to predict and assess the refractory and severity of bullous pemphigoid is the key issue in clinical practice, and the urgent need for precision medicine in refractory patients is driving the search for biomarkers and biologics. Recently, some biomarkers, such as the level of specific autoantibodies and released cytokines, have been proposed as the potential parameters to reflect the disease severity and predict the treatment response and relapse of refractory BP. Moreover, new biologics targeting pathogenic antibodies, complement, Th2 axis, eosinophils, and Th17 axis have shown potent efficacy on refractory BP. Here, we review the literature and give an overview of emerging biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for refractory bullous pemphigoid to improve the prognosis of the patient.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.