Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34504207›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Biomechanical effects of lumbar fusion surgery on adjacent segments using musculoskeletal models of the intact, degenerated and fused spine.

Mahdi Ebrahimkhani, Navid Arjmand, Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.3field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Risk factors for facet joint violation in minimally invasive and open lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Abdominal wall tension after spinal deformity correction compromises postoperative biomechanics and may contribute to proximal junctional kyphosis.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026
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  5. Hip Fracture Risk Following Lumbar Fusion: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Construct Length and Age-Stratified Outcomes.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026
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  14. Is ABO blood type a risk factor for adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spine fusion?European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Mahdi EbrahimkhaniDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran.
Navid ArjmandDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran. arjmand@sharif.edu.
Aboulfazl Shirazi-AdlDivision of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique, Montréal, QC, Canada.
Sharif University of Technology · IRPolytechnique Montréal · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Adjacent segment disorders are prevalent in patients following a spinal fusion surgery. Postoperative alterations in the adjacent segment biomechanics play a role in the etiology of these conditions. While experimental approaches fail to directly quantify spinal loads, previous modeling studies have numerous shortcomings when simulating the complex structures of the spine and the pre/postoperative mechanobiology of the patient. The biomechanical effects of the L4-L5 fusion surgery on muscle forces and adjacent segment kinetics (compression, shear, and moment) were investigated using a validated musculoskeletal model. The model was driven by in vivo kinematics for both preoperative (intact or severely degenerated L4-L5) and postoperative conditions while accounting for muscle atrophies. Results indicated marked changes in the kinetics of adjacent L3-L4 and L5-S1 segments (e.g., by up to 115% and 73% in shear loads and passive moments, respectively) that depended on the preoperative L4-L5 disc condition, postoperative lumbopelvic kinematics and, to a lesser extent, postoperative changes in the L4-L5 segmental lordosis and muscle injuries. Upper adjacent segment was more affected post-fusion than the lower one. While these findings identify risk factors for adjacent segment disorders, they indicate that surgical and postoperative rehabilitation interventions should focus on the preservation/restoration of patient's normal segmental kinematics.

Indexed as

Models, AnatomicBiomechanical PhenomenaHumansIntervertebral Disc DegenerationLumbar VertebraeRange of Motion, ArticularSpinal Fusion

Identifiers

PMID34504207
PMCPMC8429534
OpenAlexW3196834378

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.