ArticleNeurology2021
Effect of Cognitive Reserve on the Association of Vascular Brain Injury With Cognition: Analysis of the PURE and CAHHM Studies.
Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Adiposity, Vascular Brain Injury, and Cognition in Middle-Aged Adults.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Cerebral small vessel disease moderates the association between executive dysfunction and spontaneous neural activity in adults who lost their only child.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- The association between cognitive reserve and cognitive function trajectories in older adults: a Chinese nationally representative cohort study with group-based trajectory modeling.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Healthy dietary intake diminishes the effect of cerebral small vessel disease on cognitive performance in older adults.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of vascular cognitive impairment and identification of imaging markers using machine learning: a multimodal MRI study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Early-Life Antecedents and Long-Term Implications for the Brain, Aging, Stroke, and Dementia.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2024Review
- Moderating effect of education on glymphatic function and cognitive performance in mild cognitive impairment.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- Lifelong Cognitive Reserve, Imaging Markers of Brain Aging, and Cognitive Function in Dementia-Free Rural Older Adults: A Population-Based Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Association of Lifelong Cognitive Reserve with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults with Limited Formal Education: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders · 2023Article
- Unraveling the Protective Effects of Cognitive Reserve on Cognition and Brain: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Observational
- Effects of cognitive reserve proxies on cognitive function and frontoparietal control network in subjects with white matter hyperintensities: A cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2022Article
- Vascular Brain Lesions, Cognitive Reserve, and Their Association with Cognitive Profile in Persons with Early-Stage Cognitive Decline.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2022Article
- Disentangling the Relationship Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Cognitive Disorders.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
35 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Romella DurraniFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-0981-3425
Matthias G FriedrichFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-1204-5647
Karleen M SchulzeFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Philip AwadallaFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Kumar BalasubramanianFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Sandra E BlackFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Philippe BroetFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
David BusseuilFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Dipika DesaiFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Trevor DummerFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Alexander DickFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Jason HicksFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Thomas IypeFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
David KeltonFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Anish KirpalaniFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Scott A LearFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Jonathon LeipsicFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Wei LiFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Cheryl R McCrearyFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Alan R MoodyFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Michael D NoseworthyFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-1464-159X
Grace ParragaFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Paul PoirierFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Sumathy RangarajanFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Dorota SzczesniakFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Andrzej SzubaFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Jean-Claude TardifFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Koon TeoFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Jennifer E VenaFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Katarzyna ZatonskaFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-3772-5588
Anna ZimnyFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Douglas S LeeFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Salim YusufFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Sonia S AnandFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-3692-7441
Eric E SmithFrom the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada. eesmith@ucalgary.ca.
Neurosciences Institute · US
Funding
CIHR FDN-143255CIHR FDN-143313CIHR FDN-154317
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesTo determine whether cognitive reserve attenuates the association of vascular brain injury with cognition.
methodsCross-sectional data were analyzed from 2 harmonized studies: the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Healthy Minds (CAHHM) and the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Markers of cognitive reserve were education, involvement in social activities, marital status, height, and leisure physical activity, which were combined into a composite score. Vascular brain injury was defined as nonlacunar brain infarcts or high white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden on MRI. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Tool (MoCA) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST).
resultsThere were 10,916 participants age 35-81. Mean age was 58.8 years (range 35-81) and 55.8% were female. Education, moderate leisure physical activity, being in a marital partnership, being taller, and participating in social groups were each independently associated with higher cognition, as was the composite cognitive reserve score. Vascular brain injury was associated with lower cognition (β -0.35 [95% confidence interval [CI] -0.53 to -0.17] for MoCA and β -2.19 [95% CI -3.22 to -1.15] for DSST) but the association was not modified by the composite cognitive reserve variable (interaction
conclusionsBoth vascular brain injury and markers of cognitive reserve are associated with cognition. However, the effects were independent such that the adverse effects of covert vascular brain injury were not attenuated by higher cognitive reserve. To improve cognitive brain health, interventions to both prevent cerebrovascular disease and promote positive lifestyles are needed.
Indexed as
AdultAgedAged, 80 and overBrain InfarctionCognitionCognitive DysfunctionCognitive ReserveCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle Aged
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