ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
New Insight into the Effects of Metformin on Diabetic Retinopathy, Aging and Cancer: Nonapoptotic Cell Death, Immunosuppression, and Effects beyond the AMPK Pathway.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- SIRT1 in brain aging: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of pharmacological and natural modulators.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- TrxR Inhibition and Nrf2-FOXO3 Modulation by Repurposed Drugs: A Redox Strategy to Reverse Cancer Multidrug Resistance.Drug development research · 2026Review
- The Potential Target Value of ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 in Insulin Secretion Regulation and the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Metformin and cRGDfc-Modified Nanoparticles Loaded with Curcumin for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: In Vitro Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Mechanisms.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- SIRT1 Activators as Geroprotective Agents in Brain Aging: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Crosstalk between ferroptosis and miRNA in type 2 diabetes mellitus and possible therapeutic targeting.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
- Relationship of Ageing to Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Imeglimin Alleviates High-Glucose-Induced Bioenergetic and Oxidative Stress Thereby Enhancing Intercellular Adhesion in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Exploration of the potential therapeutic benefits of naringenin against diabetic retinopathy through a National comprehensive cross-sectional study and in vitro experiments.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Sarcopenia in independent oldest-old individuals treated for diabetes, with or without metformin: a case-control study.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- Metformin Beyond Diabetes: A Precision Gerotherapeutic and Immunometabolic Adjuvant for Aging and Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- Preventive and therapeutic strategies via health care delivery system to minimize sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: a narrative review.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- The association between duration of metformin and sulfonylurea treatment and microvascular complications in patients with incident type 2 diabetes: a pooled cohort analysis.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Metabolomic biomarkers in vitreous humor: unveiling the molecular landscape of diabetic retinopathy progression.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- The Combination of PPARα Agonist GW7647 and Imeglimin Has Potent Effects on High-Glucose-Induced Cellular Biological Responses in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dose-Dependent Relationship Between Long-Term Metformin Use and the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Article
- Sequential activation of ERα-AMPKα signaling by the flavonoid baicalin down-regulates viral HNF-dependent HBV replication.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Targeting Ferroptosis in Parkinson's: Repurposing Diabetes Drugs as a Promising Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Impact of duration of treatments with metformin and sulfonylureas, individually or in combination, on diabetic retinopathy among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients: a pooled cohort's analysis.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- High-Glucose-Induced Metabolic and Redox Alterations Are Distinctly Modulated by Various Antidiabetic Agents and Interventions Against FABP5/7, MITF and ANGPTL4 in Melanoma A375 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Under metabolic stress conditions such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation, an increase in the AMP:ATP ratio activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in the modulation of cellular metabolism. Metformin, which is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, regulates blood sugar by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and promoting insulin sensitivity to facilitate glucose uptake by cells. At the molecular level, the most well-known mechanism of metformin-mediated cytoprotection is AMPK pathway activation, which modulates metabolism and protects cells from degradation or pathogenic changes, such as those related to aging and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Recently, it has been revealed that metformin acts via AMPK- and non-AMPK-mediated pathways to exert effects beyond those related to diabetes treatment that might prevent aging and ameliorate DR. This review focuses on new insights into the anticancer effects of metformin and its potential modulation of several novel types of nonapoptotic cell death, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. In addition, the antimetastatic and immunosuppressive effects of metformin and its hypothesized mechanism are also discussed, highlighting promising cancer prevention strategies for the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.