ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
COPD, Pulmonary Fibrosis and ILAs in Aging Smokers: The Paradox of Striking Different Responses to the Major Risk Factors.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolomic profiling reveals distinct and shared biology in COPD and IPF.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Prognostic factors in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Association of automated quantified emphysema and interstitial lung abnormality with survival in non-small cell lung cancer.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- TFR1 as a Biomarker of Pulmonary Fibrosis Development in COPD Patients.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2025Article
- Exploring the Causal Relationship Between Saliva Microbiota Abundance and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2025Article
- Fluorofenidone alleviates cigarette smoke exposure-induced chronic lung injury by targeting ferroptosis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Aging Lung: Molecular Drivers and Impact on Respiratory Diseases-A Narrative Clinical Review.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The PROgnostic ModEl for chronic lung disease (PRO-MEL): development and temporal validation.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Article
- Longitudinal assessment of interstitial lung abnormalities on CT in patients with COPD using artificial intelligence-based segmentation: a prospective observational study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Observational
- Article
- Oxidative Stress and Lung Fibrosis: Towards an Adverse Outcome Pathway.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Perspectives on Aging and Quality of Life.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: Comparative Evidence on a Complex Condition.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Gender Medicine in Clinical Radiology Practice.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Cigarette Smoking, and Blood Monocyte Count Correlate with Chronic Lung Injuries and Mortality.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Interstitial lung abnormalities and interstitial lung diseases associated with cigarette smoking in a rural cohort undergoing surgical resection.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aging and smoking are associated with the progressive development of three main pulmonary diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). All three manifest mainly after the age of 60 years, but with different natural histories and prevalence: COPD prevalence increases with age to >40%, ILA prevalence is 8%, and IPF, a rare disease, is 0.0005-0.002%. While COPD and ILAs may be associated with gradual progression and mortality, the natural history of IPF remains obscure, with a worse prognosis and life expectancy of 2-5 years from diagnosis. Acute exacerbations are significant events in both COPD and IPF, with a much worse prognosis in IPF. This perspective discusses the paradox of the striking pathological and pathophysiologic responses on the background of the same main risk factors, aging and smoking, suggesting two distinct pathophysiologic processes for COPD and ILAs on one side and IPF on the other side. Pathologically, COPD is characterized by small airways fibrosis and remodeling, with the destruction of the lung parenchyma. By contrast, IPF almost exclusively affects the lung parenchyma and interstitium. ILAs are a heterogenous group of diseases, a minority of which present with the alveolar and interstitial abnormalities of interstitial lung disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.