ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Interrogating and Reflecting on Disability Prevalence Data Collected Using the Washington Group Tools: Results from Population-Based Surveys in Cameroon, Guatemala, India, Maldives, Nepal, Turkey and Vanuatu.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with and without disabilities in low- and middle-income countries: evidence from 37 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Pooled it
- Disability-inclusive graduation programme intervention on social participation among ultra-poor people with disability in North Uganda: a cluster randomized trial.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- The exposure of adolescent girls with/without disabilities to discrimination: cross-sectional analyses of nationally representative surveys undertaken in 37 countries.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in disability among older adults in urban and rural Indonesia: a population-based study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Disability prevalence and associated factors in Nigeria: policy implications and the path towards inclusive development.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Preventive Healthcare and Disability: Challenges and Opportunities.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Preferences for sexual health services among middle-aged and older adults in the UK: a discrete choice experiment.Sexually transmitted infections · 2025Article
- Disability and its sociodemographic correlates among older people in Nepal: evidence from the 2022 Nepal Demographic Health Survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Disparities in functional dependence and population aging in Latin America.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2025Article
- The Translation and Adaptation of the Labour Force Survey Disability Module (LFS-DM) Into Hindi.Cureus · 2024Article
- Psychiatric Symptoms, Treatment Uptake, and Barriers to Mental Health Care Among US Adults With Post-COVID-19 Condition.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Electoral participation of people with and without disabilities in urban communities in Cameroon and Senegal.African journal of disability · 2024Article
- Measuring Disability among Migrants with Washington Group Tools: Reflections for Field Use.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Multimorbidity and multi-disability among the elderly in residential care in India: the Hyderabad Ocular Morbidity in Elderly Study (HOMES).Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Burden of Disability in Africa and Cameroon: A Call for Optimizing the Education in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2022Article
- Anxiety and depression in Guatemala: Sociodemographic characteristics and service access.PloS one · 2022Article
- The Prevalence and Correlates of Disability in Singapore: Results from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Use of the Washington Group Questions in Non-Government Programming.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Washington Group (WG) tools capture self-reported functional limitations, ranging from 6 domains in the Short Set (SS) to 11 in the Extended Set (ESF). Prevalence estimates can vary considerably on account of differences between modules and the different applications of them. We compare prevalence estimates by WG module, threshold, application and domain to explore these nuances and consider whether alternative combinations of questions may be valuable in reduced sets. We conducted secondary analyses of seven population-based surveys (analyses restricted to adults 18+) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries that used the WG tools. The prevalence estimates using the SS standard threshold (a lot of difficulty or higher in one or more domain) varied between 3.2% (95% Confidence Interval 2.9-3.6) in Vanuatu to 14.1% (12.2-16.2) in Turkey. The prevalence was higher using the ESF than the SS, and much higher (5 to 10-fold) using a wider threshold of "some" or greater difficulty. Two of the SS domains (communication, self-care) identified few additional individuals with functional limitations. An alternative SS replacing these domains with the psychosocial domains of anxiety and depression would identify more participants with functional limitations for the same number of items. The WG tools are valuable for collecting harmonised population data on disability. It is important that the impact on prevalence of use of different modules, thresholds and applications is recognised. An alternative SS may capture a greater proportion of people with functional domains without increasing the number of items.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.