Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34501602›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021

Real-Time Effects of Payer Restrictions on Reproductive Healthcare: A Qualitative Analysis of Cost-Related Barriers and Their Consequences among U.S. Abortion Seekers on Reddit.

Jenny A Higgins, Madison Lands, Taryn M Valley, Emma Carpenter, Laura Jacques

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Public Perspectives of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries Related to Domestic Abuse Experiences and Help-Seeking Barriers: Web Scraping of Reddit Posts.Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. How Women with Endometriosis Use Social Media for Support and Self-Management: An Analysis of Reddit Content.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Abortion access barriers shared in "r/abortion" afterSexual and reproductive health matters · 2024
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Pricing of medication abortion in the United States, 2021-2023.Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health · 2024
    Article
  13. Characteristics and Circumstances of Adolescents Obtaining Abortions in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jenny A HigginsDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
Madison LandsDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
Taryn M ValleyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
Emma CarpenterDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
Laura JacquesDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.

Funding

INTEGRATED TRAINING FOR PHYSICIAN-SCIENTISTST32GM008692 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI BURKARD, MARK E · 1998 to 2020
$10.3M
Integrated Training For Physician-ScientistsT32GM140935 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI Anna Huttenlocher, Jeniel E Nett · 2021 to 2026
$6.5M
NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM008692NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM140935
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe Hyde Amendment and related policies limit or prohibit Medicaid coverage of abortion services in the United States. Most research on cost-related abortion barriers relies on clinic-based samples, but people who desire abortions may never make it to a healthcare center. To examine a novel, pre-abortion population, we analyzed a unique qualitative dataset of posts from Reddit, a widely used social media platform increasingly leveraged by researchers, to assess financial obstacles among anonymous posters considering abortion.

methodsIn February 2020, we used Python to web-scrape the 250 most recent posts that mentioned abortion, removing all identifying information and usernames. After transferring all posts into NVivo, a qualitative software package, the team identified all datapoints related to cost. Three qualitatively trained evaluators established and applied codes, reaching saturation after 194 posts. The research team used a descriptive qualitative approach, using both inductive and deductive elements, to identify and analyze themes related to financial barriers.

resultsWe documented multiple cost-related deterrents, including lack of funds for both the procedure and attendant travel costs, inability to afford desired abortion modality (i.e., medication or surgical), and for some, consideration of self-managed abortion options due to cost barriers.

conclusionsFindings from this study underscore the centrality of cost barriers and third-party payer restrictions to stymying reproductive health access in the United States. Results may contribute to the growing evidence base and building political momentum focused on repealing the Hyde Amendment.

Indexed as

Abortion ApplicantsAbortion, InducedAbortion, LegalDelivery of Health CareFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHumansMedicaidPregnancyUnited Statesabortion clinicsabortion (illegal)abortion (induced)abortion seekersMedicaidreproductive health servicesreproductive rightssocial mediathird-party payers

Identifiers

PMID34501602
PMCPMC8430941

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.