ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2021
RETRACTED: Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- RETRACTED: Articles from the Special Issue "Effect of Hot Manufacturing Methods on Material Processing by Finite Element Modelling".Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influence of Butter Layer Thickness on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Wet 16Mn/304L Dissimilar Welded Joint.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Effects of Noncontact Shoulder Tool Velocities on Friction Stir Joining of Polyamide 6 (PA6).Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Special Issue: Advance in Friction Stir Processed Materials.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- RETRACTED: Effect of Tool Positioning Factors on the Strength of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Joints of AA7075-T6 and AA6061-T6.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- RETRACTED: Investigation of the Effects of Tool Positioning Factors on Peak Temperature in Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Effect of Pin Shape on Thermal History of Aluminum-Steel Friction Stir Welded Joint: Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling and Validation.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- RETRACTED: Pin Angle Thermal Effects on Friction Stir Welding of AA5058 Aluminum Alloy: CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- RETRACTED: Investigation of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Welded Specimens of AA6061-T6 Alloy with Friction Stir Welding and Parallel-Friction Stir Welding Methods.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2026-07-07Concerns/Issues about Article · Concerns/Issues about Peer Review · Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions · Conflict of Interest · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Investigation by Third Party · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This article investigates the flow of materials and weld formation during underwater friction stir welding (UFSW) of low carbon steel. A thermo-mechanical model is used to understand the relation between frictional heat phenomena during the welding and weld properties. To better understand the effects of the water environment, the simulation and experimental results were compared with the sample prepared by the traditional friction stir welding (FSW) method. Simulation results from surface heat diffusion indicate a smaller preheated area in front of the FSW tool declined the total generated heat in the UFSWed case compared to the FSWed sample. The simulation results revealed that the strain rate of steel in the stir zone (SZ) of the FSWed joint is higher than in the UFSWed case. The microstructure of the welded sample shows that SZ's microstructure at the UFSWed case is more refined than the FSWed case due to the higher cooling rate of the water environment. Due to obtained results, the maximum temperatures of FSWed and UFSWed cases were 1228 °C and 1008 °C. Meanwhile, the simulation results show 1200 °C and 970 °C for conventional and underwater FSW samples, respectively. The maximum material velocity in SZ predicted 0.40 m/s and 0.32 m/s for FSW and underwater FSWed samples. The better condition in the UFSW case caused the ultimate tensile strength of welded sample to increase ~20% compared to the FSW joint.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.