ArticleJCI insight2021
Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate is an autophagy-dependent vasodilator.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ketone Supplementation as a Strategy to Reduce the Negative Health Effects of High Dietary Salt in Young Adults
Ketone Supplementation as a Strategy to Reduce the Negative Health Effects of High Dietary Salt in Older Adults
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of excess sodium consumption on arterial function in C57BL/6 mice.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2024Pooled it
- Acute ketone monoester ingestion lowers resting cerebral blood flow: a randomized cross-over trial.The Journal of physiology · 2026Trial
- Influence of exogenous ketosis on spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex gain and blood pressure responses to isometric handgrip in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a placebo-controlled pilot study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Effects of acute ketone monoester ingestion on heart rate, blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest and stress in healthy adults.Physiological reports · 2025Trial
- Effects of Ketone Ester Supplementation on Cognition and Appetite in Individuals with and Without Metabolic syndrome: A Randomized Trial.Journal of dietary supplements · 2025Trial
- Acute effects of β-hydroxybutyrate on left ventricular function in young, healthy adults.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2023Trial
- Intermittent exogenous ketosis does not reduce acute mountain sickness during early terrestrial high-altitude acclimatization.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Load-Dependent Effects of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibitors on Work in Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Living Myocardial Slices.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cardioprotective Effects of 1,3 Butanediol in MASLD via Reversal of Cardiac Lipid Accumulation and Suppression of Cardiac Fibrosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- High-Salt Diet-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction Is Mediated by Cellular Senescence.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Intermittent and periodic fasting: molecular mechanisms, health benefits and research challenges.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Food as Medicine for Hypertension: Microbiota as Mediators.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2025Review
- Epigenetic Histone β-Hydroxybutyrylation Contributes to Renoprotection by β-Hydroxybutyrate in the Dahl Rat.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2025Article
- Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated histone β-hydroxybutyrylation upregulates lipolysis and attenuates metabolic syndrome.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2025Article
- Ketone Bodies in the Regulation of Myocardial Perfusion in Cardiovascular Disease: Metabolic and Vasodilatory Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Ketone body mediated histone β-hydroxybutyrylation is reno-protective.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic potential of ketone bodies on exercise intolerance in heart failure: looking beyond the heart.Cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Article
- HMGCL activates autophagy in osteosarcoma through β-HB mediated inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Myocardial metabolic flexibility following ketone infusion demonstrated by hyperpolarized [2-Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Autophagy has long been associated with longevity, and it is well established that autophagy reverts and prevents vascular deterioration associated with aging and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, our understanding of how autophagy benefits the vasculature is centered on the premise that reduced autophagy leads to the accumulation of cellular debris, resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress, which are then reversed by reconstitution or upregulation of autophagic activity. Evolutionarily, autophagy also functions to mobilize endogenous nutrients in response to starvation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the biosynthesis of the most physiologically abundant ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), would be autophagy dependent and exert vasodilatory effects via its canonical receptor, Gpr109a. To the best of our knowledge, we have revealed for the first time that the biosynthesis of βHB can be impaired by preventing autophagy. Subsequently, βHB caused potent vasodilation via potassium channels but not Gpr109a. Finally, we observed that chronic consumption of a high-salt diet negatively regulates both βHB biosynthesis and hepatic autophagy and that reconstitution of βHB bioavailability prevents high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction. In summary, this work offers an alternative mechanism to the antiinflammatory and antioxidative stress hypothesis of autophagy-dependent vasculoprotection. Furthermore, it reveals a direct mechanism by which ketogenic interventions (e.g., intermittent fasting) improve vascular health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.