Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34499336›Full record

ReviewOphthalmology and therapy2021

Recent Advances in Screening and Treatment for Amblyopia.

Eileen E Birch, Krista R Kelly, Jingyun Wang

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Ophthalmology and therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Interventions for improving adherence to amblyopia treatments in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Pooled it
  4. Efficacy of patching combined with action video games in amblyopic children aged 4-10 years: A randomised clinical trial.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025
    Trial
  5. Patch-free streaming contrast-rebalanced dichoptic cartoons versus patching for treatment of amblyopia in children aged 3 to 5 years: a pilot, randomized clinical trial.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · 2024
    Trial
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Binocular Vision Anomalies: An Update on Prevalence, Impact, Technological and Treatment Developments and Current Challenges.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Childhood amblyopia in a tertiary eye care center in western India.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Eileen E BirchRetina Foundation of the Southwest, 9600 N. Central Expressway, Suite 200, Dallas, TX, 75231, USA. ebirch@retinafoundation.org.
Krista R KellyRetina Foundation of the Southwest, 9600 N. Central Expressway, Suite 200, Dallas, TX, 75231, USA.
Jingyun WangSUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
Retina Foundation of the Southwest · USSUNY College of Optometry · USThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · US

Funding

Binocular Vision, Amblyopia, and Refractive Development in EsotropiaR01EY022313 · NEI · RETINA FOUNDATION OF THE SOUTHWEST · PI Eileen Elizabeth Birch · 2012 to 2026
$7.0M
Deploying retinal birefringence imaging in to the clinic for pediatric vision screeningR44EY027633 · NEI · REBISCAN, LLC · PI BIRCH, EILEEN ELIZABETH, SHAKA, JUSTIN · 2018 to 2019
$983k
Reading and eye-hand coordination in amblyopic childrenR00EY028224 · NEI · RETINA FOUNDATION OF THE SOUTHWEST · PI KELLY, KRISTA ROSE · 2019 to 2021
$781k
Reading and eye-hand coordination in amblyopic childrenK99EY028224 · NEI · RETINA FOUNDATION OF THE SOUTHWEST · PI KELLY, KRISTA ROSE · 2017 to 2018
$208k
Retinal birefringence imaging for pediatric vision screeningR43EY027633 · NEI · REBISCAN, LLC · PI SHAKA, JUSTIN, WINSOR, ROBERT · 2017 to 2017
$149k
CIHR 390283NEI NIH HHS K99 EY028224NEI NIH HHS R00 EY028224NEI NIH HHS R01 EY022313NEI NIH HHS R43 EY027633NEI NIH HHS R44 EY027633NIH HHS EY022313NIH HHS EY027633NIH HHS EY028224
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment in children, with a prevalence of 2-3%. Not only is visual acuity reduced in one eye but binocular vision is affected, fellow eye deficits may be present, eye-hand coordination and reading can be affected, and self-perception may be diminished. New technologies for preschool vision screening hold promise for accessible, early, and accurate detection of amblyopia. Together with recent advances in our theoretical understanding of amblyopia and technological advances in amblyopia treatment, we anticipate improved visual outcomes for children affected by this very common eye condition. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Indexed as

AmblyopiaBinocular visionChildrenSuppressionTreatmentVision screening

Identifiers

PMID34499336
PMCPMC8589941
OpenAlexW3198190833

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.