ArticlePsychological medicine2023
Estimating measurement equivalence of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire across ethnic groups in the UK.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- The evaluation of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) reliability generalization: A meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Harmonising Depression and Anxiety Measures Across International Cohorts: A Framework Validated Using Measurement Invariance.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Psychometric evaluation of the factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire-12 in a sample of Chinese university students.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Psychometric validity and clinical utility of the GHQ-12 for screening psychological health in isolated, confined and unusual or extreme environments.African journal of psychological assessment · 2026Article
- Common mental disorders in young adults: temporal trends in primary care episodes and self-reported symptoms.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal and Gender Measurement Invariance of the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood.Assessment · 2024Article
- The effect of immigration policy reform on mental health in people from minoritised ethnic groups in England: an interrupted time series analysis of longitudinal data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study cohort.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2024Article
- Food expenditure, income, and mental health: Outcomes from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey.PloS one · 2024Article
- Dimensionality of the Swahili version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a Kenyan population: A confirmatory factor analysis.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Living with and without an intestinal stoma: Factors that promote psychological well-being and self-care: A cross-sectional study.Nursing open · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigates the extent to which the GHQ-12 exhibits configural, metric and scalar invariance across six ethnic groups in Britain and Northern Ireland, using the UK Household Longitudinal Study (
methodsA confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on a white British group in order to establish an adequate measurement model. Secondly, a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in order to assess measurement invariance. A sensitivity analysis comparing summated and latent means across groups was carried out. Finally, revised estimates of scale reliability were derived using two different methods.
resultsA one-factor model including correlated error terms on the negatively phrased items showed superior fit in all ethnic groups. Tests for equal factor loadings and intercepts also showed adequate fit demonstrating metric and scalar invariance. Latent and summated scale estimates of mean group differences were similar for all groups. Scale reliability using McDonald's
conclusionsWe find that the GHQ-12 does not display obvious bias in regard to ethnic groups in the UK and that valid comparisons across these groups can be made for the purposes of population research. Caution is needed when using as a screening tool for individuals.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.